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- Zero or more flags (in any order), which modify the meaning of the conversion specification
- An optional minimum field width
- An optional precision that gives the minimum number of digits to appear for certain conversion specifiers, the maximum number of digits, or the maximum number of bytes, etc. depending on the conversion specifier
- An optional length modifier that specifies the size of the argument
- A conversion specifier character that indicates the type of conversion to be applied
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