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The cnd_wait() and cnd_timedwait() functions temporarily cede possession of a mutex so that other threads that may be requesting the mutex can proceed. These functions must always be called from code that is protected by some kind of lock. The waiting thread resumes execution only after it has been notified, generally as the result of the invocation of the cnd_signal() or cnd_broadcast() function by some other thread. The cnd_wait() method must be invoked from a loop that checks whether a condition predicate holds. A condition predicate is an expression constructed from the variables of a function that must be true for a thread to be allowed to continue execution. The thread pauses execution, via cnd_wait(), cnd_timedwait(), or some other mechanism, and is resumed later, presumably when the condition predicate is true and when the thread is notified. Note that a condition predicate is typically the negation of the condition expression in the loop. For example, the condition predicate for removing an element from a linked list is (list->next != NULL), whereas the condition expression for the while loop condition is (list->next == NULL). Following is the correct way to invoke the cnd_wait() function when the list is empty.

struct node_t {
  void* node;
  struct node_t* next;
};

struct node_t list;
static mtx_t lock;
static cnd_t condition;
 
void consume_list_element() {
  int result;
  if ((result = mtx_lock(&lock)) != thrd_success) {
    /* handle error */
  }

  while (list.next == NULL) {
    if ((result = cnd_wait(&condition, &lock)) != thrd_success) {
      /* handle error */
    }
  }
 
  /* Resume when condition holds */

  if ((result = mtx_unlock(&lock)) != thrd_success) {
    /* handle error */
  }
}

The notification mechanism notifies the waiting thread and allows it to check its condition predicate. The invocation of notify() or notifyAll() in another thread cannot precisely determine which waiting thread will be resumed. Condition predicate statements allow notified threads to determine whether they should resume upon receiving the notification. Condition predicates are also useful when a thread is required to block until a condition becomes true, for example, when waiting for data to arrive on an input stream before reading the data.

Both safety and liveness are concerns when using the wait/notify mechanism. The safety property requires that all objects maintain consistent states in a multithreaded environment [Lea 2000]. The liveness property requires that every operation or method invocation execute to completion without interruption.

To guarantee liveness, programs must test the while loop condition before invoking the wait() method. This early test checks whether another thread has already satisfied the condition predicate and sent a notification. Invoking the wait() method after the notification has been sent results in indefinite blocking.

To guarantee safety, programs must test the while loop condition after returning from the wait() method. Although wait() is intended to block indefinitely until a notification is received, it must still be encased within a loop to prevent the following vulnerabilities [Bloch 2001]:

• Thread in the middle — A third thread can acquire the lock on the shared object during the interval between a notification being sent and the receiving thread resuming execution. This third thread can change the state of the object, leaving it inconsistent. This is a TOCTOU race condition.
• Malicious notification — A random or malicious notification can be received when the condition predicate is false. Such a notification would cancel the wait().
• Misdelivered notification — The order in which threads execute after receipt of a notifyAll() signal is unspecified. Consequently, an unrelated thread could start executing and discover that its condition predicate is satisfied. Consequently, it could resume execution, although it was required to remain dormant.
• Spurious wakeups — Certain JVM implementations are vulnerable to spurious wakeups that result in waiting threads waking up even without a notification [API 2006].

For these reasons, programs must check the condition predicate after the wait() method returns. A while loop is the best choice for checking the condition predicate both before and after invoking wait().

Similarly, the await() method of the Condition interface must also be invoked inside a loop. According to the Java API [API 2006], Interface Condition

When waiting upon a Condition, a "spurious wakeup" is permitted to occur, in general, as a concession to the underlying platform semantics. This has little practical impact on most application programs as a Condition should always be waited upon in a loop, testing the state predicate that is being waited for. An implementation is free to remove the possibility of spurious wakeups but it is recommended that applications programmers always assume that they can occur and so always wait in a loop.

New code should use the java.util.concurrent.locks concurrency utilities in place of the wait/notify mechanism. However, legacy code that complies with the other requirements of this rule is permitted to depend on the wait/notify mechanism.

Noncompliant Code Example

This noncompliant code example invokes the wait() method inside a traditional if block and fails to check the postcondition after the notification is received. If the notification were accidental or malicious, the thread could wake up prematurely.

Compliant Solution

This compliant solution calls the wait() method from within a while loop to check the condition both before and after the call to wait().

Invocations of the java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition.await() method must also be enclosed in a similar loop.

Risk Assessment

Failure to encase the wait() or await() methods inside a while loop can lead to indefinite blocking and denial of service (DoS).

Bibliography