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*asynchronous-safe* \[[GNU Pth|AA. C References#GNU Pth]\]
A function is asynchronous-safe, or asynchronous-signal safe, if it can be called safely and without side effects from within a signal handler context. That is, it must be able to be interrupted at any point and run linearly out of sequence without causing an inconsistent state. It must also function properly when global data might itself be in an inconsistent state. Some asynchronous-safe operations are listed here:

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*availability* \[[IEEE Std 610.12 1990|AA. C References#IEEE Std 610.12 1990]\]
The degree to which a system or component is operational and accessible when required for use. Often expressed as a probability.

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*basic exception safety* \[[Stroustrup 01|AA. C++ References#Stroustrup 01]\], \[[Sutter 00|AA. C++ References#Sutter 00]\]
The basic exception safety guarantee is a property of an operation such that, if the operation terminates by raising an exception, it preserves program state invariants and prevents resource leaks. See also: [exception safety|BB. Definitions#exception safety], [strong exception safety|BB. Definitions#strong exception safety], [no-throw guarantee|BB. Definitions#no-throw guarantee].

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*conforming* \[[ISO/IEC 9899-1999|AA. C References#ISO/IEC 9899-1999]\]
Conforming programs may depend upon nonportable features of a conforming implementation.

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*data race* \[ISO/IEC Document Number N3000 -- Working Draft, Standard for Programming Language C++, November 2009\]
The execution of a program contains a data race if it contains two conflicting actions in different threads, at least one of which is not atomic, and neither happens before the other. Any such data race results in undefined behavior.

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*error tolerance* \[[IEEE Std 610.12 1990|AA. C References#IEEE Std 610.12 1990]\]
The ability of a system or component to continue normal operation despite the presence of erroneous inputs.

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*exception safety* \[[Stroustrup 01|AA. C++ References#Stroustrup 01]\]
An operation on an object is said to be exception safe if that operation leaves the object in a valid state when the operation is terminated by throwing an exception. See also: [basic exception safety|BB. Definitions#basic exception safety], [strong exception safety|BB. Definitions#strong exception safety], [no-throw guarantee|BB. Definitions#no-throw guarantee].

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*exploit* \[[Seacord 05a|AA. C References#Seacord 05]\]
An exploit is a piece of software or technique that takes advantage of a security vulnerability to violate an explicit or implicit [security policy|BB. Definitions#security policy].

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*fail safe* \[[IEEE Std 610.12 1990|AA. C References#IEEE Std 610.12 1990]\]
Pertaining to a system or component that automatically places itself in a safe operating mode in the event of a failure; for example, a traffic light that reverts to blinking red in all directions when normal operation fails.

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*fail soft* \[[IEEE Std 610.12 1990|AA. C References#IEEE Std 610.12 1990]\]
Pertaining to a system or component that continues to provide partial operational capability in the event of certain failures; for example, a traffic light that continues to alternate between red and green if the yellow light fails.

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*fault tolerance* \[[IEEE Std 610.12 1990|AA. C References#IEEE Std 610.12 1990]\]
The ability of a system or component to continue normal operation despite the presence of hardware or software faultssoftware faults.

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*freestanding environment* \[[ISO/IEC 9899-1999|AA. C References#ISO/IEC 9899-1999]\]
An environment in which C program execution may take place without any benefit of an operating system.&nbsp; Program startup might occur at some function other than {{main()}}, complex types might not be implemented, and only certain minimal library facilities are guaranteed to be available.

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*hosted environment* \[[ISO/IEC 9899-1999|AA. C References#ISO/IEC 9899-1999]\]
An environment that is not freestanding.&nbsp; Program startup occurs at {{main()}}, complex types are implemented, and all C standard library facilities are available.

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*implementation* \[[ISO/IEC 9899-1999|AA. C References#ISO/IEC 9899-1999]\]
Particular set of software, running in a particular translation environment under particular control options, that performs translation of programs for, and supports execution of functions in, a particular execution environment.

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*implementation-defined behavior* \[[ISO/IEC 9899-1999|AA. C References#ISO/IEC 9899-1999]\]
Unspecified behavior where each implementation documents how the choice is made.

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*incomplete type* \[[ISO/IEC 9899-1999|AA. C References#ISO/IEC 9899-1999]\]
An incomplete type is a type that describes an identifier but lacks information needed to determine the size of the identifier.

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*locale-specific behavior* \[[ISO/IEC 9899-1999|AA. C References#ISO/IEC 9899-1999]\]
Behavior that depends on local conventions of nationality, culture, and language that each implementation documents.

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*lvalue* \[[ISO/IEC 9899-1999|AA. C References#ISO/IEC 9899-1999]\]
An lvalue is an expression with an object type or an incomplete type other than {{void}}. The name "lvalue" comes originally from the assignment expression {{E1 = E2}}, in which the left operand {{E1}} is required to be a (modifiable) lvalue. It is perhaps better considered as representing an object "locator value".

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*mitigation* \[[Seacord 05a|AA. C References#Seacord 05]\]
Mitigations are methods, techniques, processes, tools, or runtime libraries that can prevent or limit exploits against vulnerabilities.

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*no-throw guarantee* \[[Sutter 00|AA. C++ References#Sutter 00]\]
The no-throw guarantee is a property of an operation such that it is guaranteed to complete successfully without raising or propagating an exception. See also: [exception safety|BB. Definitions#exception safety], [basic exception safety|BB. Definitions#basic exception safety], [strong exception safety|BB. Definitions#strong exception safety].

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*reentrant* \[[Dowd 06|AA. C References#Dowd 06]\]
A function is reentrant if multiple instances of the same function can run in the same address space concurrently without creating the potential for inconsistent states.

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*reliability* \[[IEEE Std 610.12 1990|AA. C References#IEEE Std 610.12 1990]\]
The ability of a system or component to perform its required functions under stated conditions for a specified period of time.

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*robustness* \[[IEEE Std 610.12 1990|AA. C References#IEEE Std 610.12 1990]\]
The degree to which a system or component can function correctly in the presence of invalid inputs or stressful environmental conditions.

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*rvalue* \[[ISO/IEC 9899-1999|AA. C References#ISO/IEC 9899-1999]\]
Value of an expression.

<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="377c56baebda0867-76756f2d-4d1b4fae-bacbbf4c-ff7c509e8698a24202773b80"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> security flaw</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
*security flaw* \[[Seacord 05a|AA. C References#Seacord 05]\]
A security flaw is a software defect that poses a potential security risk.

<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="72372721361e9801-1369ee31-4d6d4080-805e9eda-9b182760ccf06c37c3d490cb"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> security policy</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
*security policy* \[[Internet Society 00|AA. C References#Internet Society 00]\]
A set of rules and practices that specify or regulate how a system or organization provides security services to protect sensitive and critical system resources.

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*sequence point* C99 \[[ISO/IEC 9899-1999|AA. C References#ISO/IEC 9899-1999]\]
Evaluation of an expression may produce side effects. At specific points in the execution sequence called _sequence points_, all side effects of previous evaluations have completed, and no side effects of subsequent evaluations have yet taken place.

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*strictly conforming* \[[ISO/IEC 9899-1999|AA. C References#ISO/IEC 9899-1999]\]
A strictly conforming program is one that uses only those features of the language and library specified in the international standard.  Strictly conforming programs are intended to be maximally portable among conforming implementations and can't, for example, depend upon implementation-defined behavior.

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*strong exception safety* \[[Stroustrup 01|AA. C++ References#Stroustrup 01]\], \[[Sutter 00|AA. C++ References#Sutter 00]\]
The strong exception safety guarantee is a property of an operation such that, in addition to satisfying the [basic exception safety|BB. Definitions#basic exception safety] guarantee, if the operation terminates by raising an exception it has no observable effects on program state. See also: [exception safety|BB. Definitions#exception safety], [basic exception safety|BB. Definitions#basic exception safety], [no-throw guarantee|BB. Definitions#no-throw guarantee].

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*undefined behavior* \[[ISO/IEC 9899-1999|AA. C References#ISO/IEC 9899-1999]\]
Behavior, upon use of a nonportable or erroneous program construct or of erroneous data, for which the standard imposes no requirements.  An example of undefined behavior is the behavior on integer overflow.

<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="5296b964fd441928-793a903b-41c74695-8059aab4-0fc215805fad4418e0a06d05"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> unspecified behavior</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
*unspecified behavior* \[[ISO/IEC 9899-1999|AA. C References#ISO/IEC 9899-1999]\]
Behavior where the standard provides two or more possibilities and imposes no further requirements on which is chosen in any instance.

<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="dfd10559a5a3420a-4c5a3f01-45d94afa-89e78c7a-139c5dcaf7f19f64db05f6a2"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> validation</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
*validation* \[[IEC 61508-4|AA. C References#IEC 61508-4]\]
Confirmation by examination and provision of objective evidence that the particular requirements for a specific intended use are fulfilled.

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*verification* \[[IEC 61508-4|AA. C References#IEC 61508-4]\]
Confirmation by examination and provision of objective evidence that the requirements have been fulfilled.

<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="003f6495552aea47-743f91cb-4821465e-9437ab84-786acad776ee85f6e21f7a1b"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> vulnerability</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
*vulnerability* \[[Seacord 05a|AA. C References#Seacord 05]\]
A vulnerability is a set of conditions that allows an attacker to violate an explicit or implicit security policy.