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<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="dcb23f1eb93ac597-b4716981-47c442ab-b9929977-6be5e2678b1f23687a3a6479"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> asynchronous-safe</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
*asynchronous-safe* \[[GNU Pth|AA. C++ References#GNU Pth]\]
A function is asynchronous-safe, or asynchronous-signal safe, if it can be called safely and without side effects from within a signal handler context. That is, it must be able to be interrupted at any point and run linearly out of sequence without causing an inconsistent state. It must also function properly when global data might itself be in an inconsistent state. Some asynchronous-safe operations are listed here:

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*availability* \[[IEEE Std 610.12 1990|AA. C++ References#IEEE Std 610.12 1990]\]
The degree to which a system or component is operational and accessible when required for use. Often expressed as a probability.

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*basic exception safety* \[[Stroustrup 01|AA. C++ References#Stroustrup 01]\], \[[Sutter 00|AA. C++ References#Sutter 00]\]
The basic exception safety guarantee is a property of an operation such that, if the operation terminates by raising an exception, it preserves program state invariants and prevents resource leaks. See also: [exception safety|BB. Definitions#exception safety], [strong exception safety|BB. Definitions#strong exception safety], [no-throw guarantee|BB. Definitions#no-throw guarantee].

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*conforming* \[[ISO/IEC 9899-1999|AA. C++ References#ISO/IEC 9899-1999]\]
Conforming programs may depend upon nonportable features of a conforming implementation.

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*data race* \[ISO/IEC Document Number N3000 -- Working Draft, Standard for Programming Language C++, November 2009\]
The execution of a program contains a data race if it contains two conflicting actions in different threads, at least one of which is not atomic, and neither happens before the other. Any such data race results in undefined behavior.

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*error tolerance* \[[IEEE Std 610.12 1990|AA. C++ References#IEEE Std 610.12 1990]\]
The ability of a system or component to continue normal operation despite the presence of erroneous inputs.

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*exception safety* \[[Stroustrup 01|AA. C++ References#Stroustrup 01]\]
An operation on an object is said to be exception safe if that operation leaves the object in a valid state when the operation is terminated by throwing an exception. See also: [basic exception safety|BB. Definitions#basic exception safety], [strong exception safety|BB. Definitions#strong exception safety], [no-throw guarantee|BB. Definitions#no-throw guarantee].

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*exploit* \[[Seacord 05a|AA. C++ References#Seacord 05]\]
An exploit is a piece of software or technique that takes advantage of a security vulnerability to violate an explicit or implicit [security policy|BB. Definitions#security policy].

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*fail safe* \[[IEEE Std 610.12 1990|AA. C++ References#IEEE Std 610.12 1990]\]
Pertaining to a system or component that automatically places itself in a safe operating mode in the event of a failure; for example, a traffic light that reverts to blinking red in all directions when normal operation fails.

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*fail soft* \[[IEEE Std 610.12 1990|AA. C++ References#IEEE Std 610.12 1990]\]
Pertaining to a system or component that continues to provide partial operational capability in the event of certain failures; for example, a traffic light that continues to alternate between red and green if the yellow light fails.

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*fault tolerance* \[[IEEE Std 610.12 1990|AA. C++ References#IEEE Std 610.12 1990]\]
The ability of a system or component to continue normal operation despite the presence of hardware or software faults.

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*free store* \[[ISO/IEC 14882-2003| AA. C++ References#ISO/IEC 14882-2003]\]
Storage managed by the C++ allocation and deallocation functions {{::operator new(std::size_t)}}, {{::operator delete(void*)}}, their array forms {{::operator new[](std::size_t)}}, {{::operator delete[](void*)}}, overloads of said functions on {{std::nothrow_t}}, any user-defined replacements for said functions, as well as any such functions defined as a member of a class. Storage in the free store is distinct from storage managed by the C functions {{calloc}}, {{free}}, {{malloc}}, and {{realloc}}.

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*freestanding environment* \[[<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="220ff4e4-cc0f-4600-9ac7-65ab00c1bee3"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> freestanding implementation</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
*freestanding implementation* \[[ISO/IEC 989914882-19992003| AA. C++ References#ISO/IEC 989914882-19992003]\]
An environmentA freestanding implementation is one in which C program execution may take place without anythe benefit of an operating system.&nbsp; Program startup might occur at some function other than {{main()}}, complex types might not be implemented, and only certain minimal library facilities are guaranteed to be available, and has an implementation-defined set of libraries that includes certain language-support libraries. Also referred to as _freestanding environment_.

<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="b3a7e359dbef46e7-f52fdb8a-49a5471e-8df0979d-7141fcfb21d76099d6dd5d2e"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> hosted environment</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="366e054b-dd18-4e25-b832-825b07cfc616"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> hosted implementation</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
*hosted environmentimplementation* \[[ISO/IEC 989914882-19992003| AA. C++ References#ISO/IEC 989914882-19992003]\]
An environmentimplementation that is not freestanding.&nbsp;  Program startup occurs at {{main()}}, complex types are implemented, and all C++ standard library facilities are available. Also referred to as _hosted environment_.

<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="613bd1aee40f07be-57b7ad22-4fdd4ea0-bbb9b6be-bf8fcf1c35120ebfa1087a03"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> implementation</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
*implementation* \[[ISO/IEC 9899-1999|AA. C++ References#ISO/IEC 9899-1999]\]
Particular set of software, running in a particular translation environment under particular control options, that performs translation of programs for, and supports execution of functions in, a particular execution environment.

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*implementation-defined behavior* \[[ISO/IEC 989914882-19992003|AA. C++ References#ISO/IEC 989914882-19992003]\]
Unspecified behavior where each implementation documents how the choice is madeBehavior, for a well-formed program construct and correct data, that depends on the implementation and that each implementation shall document.

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*incomplete type* \[[ISO/IEC 989914882-19992003| AA. C++ References#ISO/IEC 989914882-19992003]\]
An incomplete type is a A type that describes an identifierobjects but lacks information needed to determine the size of the identifiertheir sizes.

<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="3eb60ad8d8230fc2-2ebcb670-4c9e4466-9ae3bf86-fe271abb8ce414faa857023b"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> locale-specificindeterminate behavior<value</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
*locale-specificindeterminate behaviorvalue* \[[ISO/IEC 9899-1999|AA. C++ References#ISO/IEC 9899-1999]\]
BehaviorEither thatan depends[#unspecified onvalue] localor conventionsa of nationality, culture, and language that each implementation documents[#trap representation].

<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="d5da3e29c94df58f-1cc9833c-44c14c3c-84979ed0-c79bac682ab81c39163c3eeb"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> locale-specific lvalue<behavior</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
*lvaluelocale-specific behavior* \[[ISO/IEC 989914882-19992003| AA. C++ References#ISO/IEC 989914882-19992003]\]
AnBehavior lvaluethat isdepends anon expressionlocal withconventions anof objectnationality, typeculture, orand anlanguage incompletethat typeeach other than {{void}}. The name "lvalue" comes originally from the assignment expression {{E1 = E2}}, in which the left operand {{E1}} is required to be a (modifiable) lvalue. It is perhaps better considered as representing an object "locator value".implementation documents.

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*reentrantmitigation* \[[DowdSeacord 0605a|AA. C++ References#DowdReferences#Seacord 0605]\]
AMitigations functionare ismethods, reentranttechniques, ifprocesses, multipletools, instancesor ofruntime thelibraries samethat function can runprevent inor thelimit sameexploits address space concurrently without creating the potential for inconsistent statesagainst vulnerabilities.

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*security policyreliability* \[[Internet Society 00IEEE Std 610.12 1990|AA. C++ References#Internet Society 00References#IEEE Std 610.12 1990]\]
AThe setability of rulesa and practices that specify system or regulatecomponent howto aperform systemits orrequired organizationfunctions providesunder securitystated servicesconditions tofor protecta sensitivespecified andperiod criticalof system resourcestime.

<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="aa05ee336f6168be-da055d98-44e8450d-a2d9b49b-71704002e476abddecfb4d82"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> sequence point<robustness</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
*sequence pointrobustness* C99 \[[ISO/IEC 9899-1999IEEE Std 610.12 1990|AA. C References#ISO/IEC 9899-1999++ References#IEEE Std 610.12 1990]\]
EvaluationThe ofdegree anto expressionwhich maya producesystem sideor effects.component Atcan specificfunction pointscorrectly in the executionpresence sequenceof calledinvalid _sequence points_, all side effects of previous evaluations have completed, and no side effects of subsequent evaluations have yet taken place.inputs or stressful environmental conditions.

Value of an expression.

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*unspecified behaviorvalidation* \[[ISO/IEC 989961508-19994|AA. C++ References#ISO/IECReferences#IEC 989961508-19994]\]
BehaviorConfirmation whereby theexamination standardand providesprovision twoof orobjective moreevidence possibilitiesthat and imposes no furtherthe particular requirements onfor whicha isspecific chosenintended inuse anyare instancefulfilled.

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*validationverification* \[[IEC 61508-4|AA. C++ References#IEC 61508-4]\]
Confirmation by examination and provision of objective evidence that the particular requirements for a specific intended use arehave been fulfilled.

<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="72ac3f14f06d7914-41af5520-4c064525-a5bdab7b-34e529302e81b983fe95992f"><ac:parameter ac:name=""> verification<vulnerability</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
*verificationvulnerability* \[[IECSeacord 61508-405a|AA. C++ References#IECReferences#Seacord 61508-405]\]
ConfirmationA byvulnerability examinationis anda provisionset of objective evidence that the requirements have been fulfilled conditions that allows an attacker to violate an explicit or implicit security policy.

<ac:structured-macro ac:name="anchor" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="9eb4631cb212bc10-825e085a-4ded4480-883d96a2-36ac8c14388cffc601e9710d"><ac:parameter ac:name="">>well-formed vulnerability<program</ac:parameter></ac:structured-macro>
*vulnerabilitywell-formed program* \[[Seacord 05a|ISO/IEC 14882-2003| AA. C++ References#Seacord 05References#ISO/IEC 14882-2003]\]
A vulnerabilityC++ isprogram aconstructed setaccording ofto conditionsthe thatsyntax allowsrules, andiagnosable attackersemantic torules, violateand anthe explicitOne or implicit security policyDefinition Rule.