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basic exception safety [Stroustrup 01], [Sutter 00]
The basic exception safety guarantee is a property of an operation such that, if the operation terminates by raising an exception, it preserves program state invariants and prevents resource leaks. See also exception safety, strong exception safety, and no-throw guarantee.
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Conforming programs may depend upon nonportable features of a conforming implementation.
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freestanding implementation [ISO/IEC 14882-2003]
A freestanding implementation is one in which execution may take place without the benefit of an operating system, and has an implementation-defined set of libraries that includes certain language-support libraries. Also referred to as freestanding environment.
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hosted implementation [ISO/IEC 989914882-19992003]
A
#define preprocessing directive that defines an identifier immediately followed by zero or more parameters, the ellipsis (...), or a combination of the two, enclosed in parentheses, similar syntactically to a function call. Subsequent instances of the macro name followed by a parenthesized list of arguments in a translation unit are replaced by the replacement list of preprocessing tokens that constitute the remainder of the directive. See also object-like macro and unsafe function-like macro.main(), complex types are implemented, and all C++ standard library facilities are available. Also referred to as hosted environment.| Anchor | ||||
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ill-formed program
An implementation A C++ program that is not freestanding. Program startup occurs at
main(), complex types are implemented, and all C++ standard library facilities are available. Also referred to as hosted environment.| Anchor | ||||
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implementation [ISO/IEC 9899-1999]
Particular set of software, running in a particular translation environment under particular control options, that performs translation of programs for, and supports execution of functions in, a particular execution environment.
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implementation-defined behavior [ISO/IEC 14882-2003]
A C++ program that is not Behavior, for a well-formed program construct and correct data, that is a program not constructed according to the syntax rules, diagnosable semantic rules, and the one-definition ruledepends on the implementation and that each implementation shall document.
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incomplete type [ISO/IEC 989914882-19992003]
Particular set of software, running in a particular translation environment under particular control options, that performs translation of programs for, and supports execution of functions in, a particular execution environment A type that describes objects but lacks information needed to determine their sizes.
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indeterminate value [ISO/IEC 148829899-20031999]
Behavior, for a well-formed program construct and correct data, that depends on the implementation and that each implementation shall document Either an unspecified value or a trap representation.
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A type that describes objects but lacks information needed to determine their sizes.
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invalid pointer
A pointer
Either an unspecified value or a trap representation.
A pointer that is not a valid pointer.
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no-throw guarantee [Sutter 00]
The no-throw guarantee is a property of an operation such that it is guaranteed to complete successfully without raising or propagating an exception. See also exception safety, basic exception safety, and strong exception safety.
| Anchor | object-like macro | object-like macro |
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one-definition rule (ODR) [ISO/IEC 989914882-19992014]
A
#define preprocessing directive that defines an identifier with no parentheses. Subsequent instances of the macro name in a translation unit are replaced by the replacement list of preprocessing tokens that constitute the remainder of the directive. See also function-like macro.A fundamental C++ rule that states that no translation unit shall contain more than one definition of any variable, function, class type, enumeration type or template, and that every program shall contain exactly one definition of every non-inline function or variable. Some definitions may be duplicated in multiple translation units, subject to strict rules.
A function is reentrant if multiple instances of the same function can run in the same address space concurrently without creating the potential for inconsistent states.
The ability of a system or component to perform its required functions under stated conditions for a specified period of time.
The degree to which a system or component can function correctly in the presence of invalid inputs or stressful environmental conditions.
Value of an expression.
A security flaw is a software defect that poses a potential security risk.
A set of rules and practices that specify or regulate how a system or organization provides security services to protect sensitive and critical system resources.
Evaluation of an expression may produce side effects. At specific points in the execution sequence called sequence points, all side effects of previous evaluations have completed, and no side effects of subsequent evaluations have yet taken place.
The following sequence points are defined by C99 [ISO/IEC 9899-1999]:
- The call to a function, after the arguments have been evaluated
- The end of the first operand of the following operators:
&&(logical AND);||(logical OR);?(conditional);,(comma operator) - The end of a full declarator
- The end of a full expression: an initializer; the expression in an expression statement (that is, at the semicolon); the controlling expression of a selection statement (if or switch); the controlling expression of a while or do statement; each of the expressions of a for statement; the expression in a return statement
- Immediately before a function returns
- After the actions associated with each formatted input/output function conversion specifier
- Immediately before and immediately after each call to a comparison function, by a standard searching or sorting function, and between any call to a comparison function and any movement of the objects passed as arguments to that call
Note that not all instances of a comma in C code denote a usage of the comma operator. For example, the comma between arguments in a function call is not a sequence point.
fundamental C++ rule that states that no translation unit shall contain more than one definition of any variable, function, class type, enumeration type or template, and that every program shall contain exactly one definition of every non-inline function or variable. Some definitions may be duplicated in multiple translation units, subject to strict rules.
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reentrant [Dowd 06]
A function is reentrant if multiple instances of the same function can run in the same address space concurrently without creating the potential for inconsistent states.
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reliability [IEEE Std 610.12 1990]
The ability of a system or component to perform its required functions under stated conditions for a specified period of time.
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robustness [IEEE Std 610.12 1990]
The degree to which a system or component can function correctly in the presence of invalid inputs or stressful environmental conditions.
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rvalue [ISO/IEC 9899-1999]
Value of an expression.
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security flaw [Seacord 05a]
A security flaw is a software defect that poses a potential security risk.
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security policy [Internet Society 00]
A set of rules and practices that specify or regulate how a system or organization provides security services to protect sensitive and critical system resources
A strictly conforming program is one that uses only those features of the language and library specified in the international standard. Strictly conforming programs are intended to be maximally portable among conforming implementations and can't, for example, depend upon implementation-defined behavior.
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strong exception safety [Stroustrup 01], [Sutter 00]
The strong exception safety guarantee is a property of an operation such that, in addition to satisfying the basic exception safety guarantee, if the operation terminates by raising an exception it has no observable effects on program state. See also exception safety, basic exception safety, and no-throw guarantee.
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undefined behavior [ISO/IEC 14882-2003]
Behavior, such as might arise upon use of an erroneous program construct or erroneous data, for which the C++ Standard imposes no requirements. Undefined behavior may also be expected when the C++ Standard omits the description of any explicit definition of behavior, or defines the behavior to be ill-formed, with no diagnostic required.
A function-like macro whose expansion causes one or more of its arguments not to be evaluated exactly once.
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unspecified behavior [ISO/IEC 14882-2003]
Behavior, for a well-formed program construct and correct data, that depends on the implementation. The implementation is not required to document which behavior occurs.
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