Always remove short-lived objects from long-lived container objects when the task is over. For example, objects attached to a java.nio.channels.SelectionKey object must be removed when they are no longer needed. Doing so reduces the possibility of memory leaks. Similarly, use of array-based data structures such as ArrayLists can introduce a requirement to indicate the absence of an entry by explicitly setting its individual array element to null.

Noncompliant Code Example (Removing Short-Lived Objects)

In this noncompliant code example, a long-lived ArrayList contains references to both long- and short-lived elements. The programmer marks elements that have become irrelevant by setting a '"dead' " flag in the object.

class DataElement {
   private boolean dead = false;
   // otherOther fields

   public boolean isDead() { return dead; }
   public void killMe() { dead = true; }
}

// elsewhereElsewhere
ArrayList longLivedList = new ArrayList<DataElement>(...);

// processingProcessing that renders an element irrelevant
// Kill the element that is now irrelevant
longLivedList.get(someIndex).killMe();

The garbage collector cannot collect the dead DataElement object until it becomes unreferenced. Note that all methods that operate on objects of class DataElement must check whether the instance in hand is dead.

Compliant Solution (Set Reference to null)

In this compliant solution, rather than use a dead flag, the programmer assigns null to ArrayList elements that have become irrelevant.

class DataElement {
   // deadDead flag removed

   // otherOther fields
}

// elsewhereElsewhere
ArrayList longLivedList = new ArrayList<DataElement>(...);

// processingProcessing that renders an element irrelevant
// setSet the reference to the irrelevant DataElement to null
longLivedList.set(someIndex, null);

Note that all code that operates on the longLivedList must now check for list entries that are null.

Compliant Solution (Use Null Object Pattern)

This compliant solution avoids the problems associated with intentionally null references by using a singleton sentinel object. This technique is known as the Null Object pattern (also as the Sentinel pattern). When feasible, programmers should choose this design pattern over the explicit null reference values.

class DataElement {
  public static final DataElement NULL = createSentinel();
   // deadDead flag removed

   // otherOther fields

  private static final DataElement createSentinel() {
     // allocateAllocate a sentinel object, setting all its fields
     // to carefully chosen "do nothing" values
  }
}

// elsewhereElsewhere
ArrayList longLivedList = new ArrayList<DataElement>(...);

// processingProcessing that renders an element irrelevant
// setSet the reference to the irrelevant DataElement to
// the NULL object
longLivedList.set(someIndex, NULL);

When using this pattern, the NULL object must be a singleton and must be final. It may be either public or private, depending on the overall design of the DataElement class. The state of the NULL object should be immutable after creation; immutability can be enforced either by using final fields or by explicit code in the methods of the DataElement class. See [Grand 2002] Chapter 8, "Behavioral Patterns, the Null Object,"€ of Patterns in Java, Vol. 1, second edition [Grand 2002], for additional information on this design pattern, and also ERR08-J. Do not catch NullPointerException or any of its ancestors.

Applicability

Leaving short-lived objects in long-lived container objects may consume memory that cannot be recovered by the garbage collector, thereby leading to memory exhaustion and possible denial of service attacks.

Bibliography

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