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Many methods offer invariants, which can be any or all of the guarantees made about what the method can do, requirements about the required state of the object when the method is invoked, or guarantees about the state of the object when the method completes. For instance, the % operator, which computes the remainder of a number, provides the invariant that

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A fundamental principle of object-oriented design is that a subclass which that extends a superclass must preserve the invariants provided by the superclass. Unfortunately, design principles fail to constrain attackers, who can (and do!) construct malicious classes that extend benign classes and provide methods that deliberately violate the invariants of the benign classes.

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Superclasses must permit extension by trusted subclasses while simultaneously preventing extension by untrusted code. Consequently, declaring such superclasses to be final is infeasible , because it would prevent the required extension by trusted code. Such problems require careful design for inheritance.

Consider two classes belonging to different protection domains;: one is malicious, and extends the other, which is trusted.  Consider an object of the malicious subclass with a fully qualified invocation of a method defined by the trusted superclass, and not overridden by the malicious class. In this case, the trusted superclass's permissions are examined to execute the method, withand, theas consequencea thatresult, the malicious object gets the method invoked inside the protection domain of the trusted superclass \[[Gong 2003|AA. Bibliography#Gong 03]\].

One commonly suggested solution is to place code at each point where the superclass can be instantiated to ensure that the instance being created has the same type as the superclass. When the type is found to be that of a subclass rather than the superclass' s type, the checking code performs a security manager check to ensure that malicious classes cannot misuse the superclass. This approach is insecure because it allows a malicious class to add a finalizer and obtain a partially-initialized instance of the superclass. This attack is detailed in guideline "OBJ05-J. Do not allow access to partially initialized objects."

For non-final classes, the method that performs the security manager check must be invoked as an argument to a private constructor to ensure that the security check is performed before any superclass' s constructor can exit.

When the parent class has members that are declared private or are otherwise inaccessible to the attacker, the attacker must use reflection to exploit those members of the parent class. Declaring the parent class or its methods final prohibits this level of access.

A method which receives an untrusted, non-final input argument must beware that other methods or threads might modify the input object. Some methods attempt to prevent modification by making a local copy of the input object. This is insufficient , because a shallow copy of an object may can still allow it to refer to mutable sub-objects, which may can still be modified by other methods or threads. Some methods go farther and perform a deep copy of the input object. This mitigates the problem of modifiable sub-objects, but the method might could still receive as an argument a mutable object that extends the input object class.

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The class is non-final and consequently extendable. This can be a problem when operating on an instance of {{BigInteger}} that was obtained from an untrusted client. For example, a malicious client maycould construct a spurious mutable {{BigInteger}} instance by overriding {{BigInteger}}'s member functions \[[Bloch 2008|AA. Bibliography#Bloch 08]\].

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This malicious BigInteger class is clearly mutable , because of the setValue() method. Furthermore, the modPow() method is subject to precision loss. (see See guidelines "NUM00-J. Detect or prevent integer overflow," "NUM11-J. Check floating point inputs for exceptional values," "NUM15-J. Ensure conversions of numeric types to narrower types do not result in lost or misinterpreted data," and "NUM17-J. Beware of precision loss when converting primitive integers to floating-point" for more information.) . Any code that receives an object of this class, and assumes that the object is immutable will have unexpected behavior. This is particularly important because the BigInteger.modPow() method has several useful cryptographic applications.

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This noncompliant code example installs a security manager check in the constructor of the {{BigInteger}} class. The security manager denies access when it detects that a subclass without the requisite permissions is attempting to instantiate the superclass \[[SCG 2007|AA. Bibliography#SCG 07]\]. It also compares class types, in compliance with guideline "[OBJ06-J. Compare classes and not class names]."

public class BigInteger {
  public BigInteger(String str) {
    Class c = getClass();  // java.lang.Object.getClass(), which is final
    // Confirm class type
    if (c != NonFinal.class) {
      // Check the permission needed to subclass NonFinal
      securityManagerCheck(); // throws a security exception if not allowed
    }
    // ...   
  }
}

Unfortunately, throwing an exception from the constructor of a non-final class is insecure because it allows a finalizer attack. (see See guideline "OBJ05-J. Do not allow access to partially initialized objects".).

Compliant Solution (final)

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When instances of non-final classes are obtained from untrusted sources, such instances must be used with care, because their method calls might be overridden by malicious methods. This potential vulnerability can be mitigated by making defensive copies of the acquired instances prior to use. This compliant solution demonstrates this technique for a {{BigInteger}} argument \[[Bloch 2008|AA. Bibliography#Bloch 08]\].

public static BigInteger safeInstance(BigInteger val) {
  // create a defensive copy if it is not java.math.BigInteger
  if (val.getClass() != java.math.BigInteger.class)  
    return new BigInteger(val.toByteArray());
  
  return val;
}

The guidelines "FIO00-J. Defensively copy mutable inputs and mutable internal components" and "OBJ08-J. Provide mutable classes with copy functionality to allow passing instances to untrusted code safely" discuss defensive copying in great depth.

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This compliant solution invokes a security manager check as a side-effect of computing the boolean value passed to a private constructor (as seen in guideline "OBJ05-J. Do not allow access to partially initialized objects"). The rules for order of evaluation require that the security manager check must execute before invocation of the private constructor. Consequently, the security manager check also executes before invocation of any superclass' s constructor. Note that the security manager check is made without regard to whether the object under construction has the type of the parent class or the type of a subclass (whether trusted or not).

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Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this guideline on the CERT website

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this guideline on the CERT website.

Bibliography

\[[API 2006|AA. Bibliography#API 06]\] Class BigInteger
\[[Bloch 2008|AA. Bibliography#Bloch 08]\] Item 1: "Consider static factory methods instead of constructors"
\[[Gong 2003|AA. Bibliography#Gong 03]\] Chapter 6: "Enforcing Security Policy"
\[[Lai 2008|AA. Bibliography#Lai 08]\] Java Insecurity: Accounting for Subtleties That Can Compromise Code
\[[McGraw 2000|AA. Bibliography#McGraw 00]\] Chapter Seven Rule 3: "Make Everything Final, Unless There's a Good Reason Not To"
\[[SCG 2007|AA. Bibliography#SCG 07]\] Guideline 1-2 "Limit the extensibility of classes and methods"
\[[SCG 2009|AA. Bibliography#SCG 09]\] Secure Coding Guidelines for the Java Programming Language, version 3.0

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04. Object Orientation (OBJ)      04. Object Orientation (OBJ)      OBJ01-J. Declare data members as private and provide accessible wrapper methods