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Software programs often contain multiple components that act as subsystems, where each component operates in one or more trusted domains. For example, one component may have access to the file system but lack access to the network, while another component has access to the network but lacks access to the file system. _Distrustful decomposition_ and _privilege separation_ \[[Dougherty 2009|AA. Bibliography#DoughertyReferences#Dougherty 2009]\]  are examples of secure design patterns that reduce the amount of code that runs with special privileges by designing the system using mutually untrusting components.