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Developers often separate program logic across multiple classes or files to modularize code and to increase re-usability. When developers modify a superclass (during maintenance, for example), the developer must ensure that changes in superclasses preserve all of the program invariants on which the subclasses depend. Failure to maintain all relevant invariants can cause security vulnerabilities.

The introduction of the entrySet() method in the superclass java.util.Hashtable in JDK 1.2 left the java.security.Provider class vulnerable to a security attack. The class java.security.Provider extends java.util.Properties, which, in turn, extends java.util.Hashtable. The Provider maps a cryptographic algorithm name (for example, RSA) to a class that provides its implementation.

The class {{Provider}} inherits the {{put()}} and {{remove()}} methods from {{Hashtable}} and adds security manager checks to each. These checks ensure that malicious code cannot add or remove the mappings. When {{entrySet()}} was introduced, it became possible for untrusted code to remove the mappings from the {{Hashtable}} because {{java.security.Provider}} did not override this method to provide the necessary security manager check \[[SCG 2007|AA. Bibliography#SCG 07]\]. This problem is commonly know as a "fragile class hierarchy" in other object-oriented languages such as C++.

Noncompliant Code Example

This noncompliant code example shows a class SuperClass that stores banking-related information and delegates the security manager and input validation tasks to the class SubClass. The client application is required to use SubClass because it contains the authentication mechanisms.

Noncompliant Code Example

This noncompliant code example shows a class SuperClass that stores banking-related information and delegates the security manager and input validation tasks to the class SubClass. The client application is required to use SubClass because it contains the authentication mechanisms.

class SuperClass { // SuperClass maintains all banking related data such as account balance
  private double balance = 100;
 
  boolean withdraw(double amount) {
    if ((balance - amount) >= 0) {	
      balance -= amount;
      System.out.println("Withdrawal successful. The balance is : " + balance);
      return true;
    } 
    return false;
  }

  void overdraft() { // This method is added at a later date
    balance += 300;  // Add 300 in case there is an overdraft
    System.out.println("Added back-up amount. The balance is :" + balance);
  }
}

class SubClass extends SuperClass { // Subclass handles authentication
  @Override

class SuperClass { // SuperClass maintains all banking related data such as account balance
  private double balance = 100;
 
  boolean withdraw(double amount) {
    if// inputValidation(), securityManagerCheck(balance) -and amount) >= 0) {authenticateUser()
    return super.withdraw(amount);
  }	
 		 
  public static  balance -= amount;void doLogic(SuperClass sc, double amount) {
    if  System.out.println("Withdrawal successful. The balance is : " + balance);
      return true(!sc.withdraw(amount)) {
      throw new IllegalStateException();
    } 
    return false;// ...
  }

  void overdraft() { // This method is added at a later date
    balance += 300;  // Add 300 in case there is an overdraft
    System.out.println("Added back-up amount. The balance is :" + balance);
  }
}

class SubClass extends SuperClass { // Subclass handles authentication
  @Override boolean withdraw(double amount) {
    // inputValidation(), securityManagerCheck() and authenticateUser()
    return super.withdraw(amount);
  }	
 		 
  public static void doLogic(SuperClass sc, double amount) {
    if (!sc.withdraw(amount)) {
      throw new IllegalStateException();}

At a later date, the maintainer of the class SuperClass added a new method called overdraft; the extending class SubClass, however, was not aware of this change. The client application consequently became vulnerable to malicious invocations. For example, the overdraft method could be invoked directly on the currently in-use SubClass object, avoiding the security checks that should have been present. The following demonstrates this vulnerability.

public class Client {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    SuperClass sc = new SubClass(); // Override
    
    if(sc.withdraw(200.0)) {        // Validate and enforce security manager check 
      SubClass.doLogic(sc, 200.0);  // Withdraw 200.0 from superclass
    } else {
      sc.overdraft(); // Newly added method, lacks security manager checks 
    }
    // ...
  }
}
}
}

Compliant Solution

In this compliant solution, class SubClass provides an overriding version of the overdraft() method that throws an exception, thus preventing misuse of the overdraft feature. All other aspects of the compliant solution remain unchanged.At a later date, the maintainer of the class SuperClass added a new method called overdraft; the extending class SubClass, however, was not aware of this change. The client application consequently became vulnerable to malicious invocations. For example, the overdraft method could be invoked directly on the currently in-use SubClass object, avoiding the security checks that should have been present. The following demonstrates this vulnerability.

publicclass SubClass classextends ClientSuperClass {
// ...
 public static@Override void mainoverdraft(String[] args) {
 // override
  SuperClass sc =throw new SubClassIllegalAccessException(); // Override
    
    if(sc.withdraw(200.0)) {        // Validate and enforce security manager check 
      SubClass.doLogic(sc, 200.0);  // Withdraw 200.0 from superclass
    } else {
      sc.overdraft(); // Newly added method, lacks security manager checks 
    }
  }
}

Compliant Solution

In this compliant solution, class SubClass provides an overriding version of the overdraft() method that throws an exception, thus preventing misuse of the overdraft feature. All other aspects of the compliant solution remain unchanged.

class SubClass extends SuperClass {
// ...
  @Override void overdraft() { // override
    throw new IllegalAccessException(); 
  }
}

Alternatively, when the intended design permits the new method in the parent class to be invoked directly from a subclass without overriding, install a security manager check directly in the new method.

Noncompliant Code Example

This noncompliant code example overrides the methods after() and compareTo() of the class java.util.Calendar. The Calendar.after() method returns a boolean value that indicates whether the Calendar represents a time after that represented by the specified Object parameter. The programmer wishes to extend this functionality so that the after() method returns true even when the two objects represent the same date. She also overrides the method compareTo() to provide a "comparisons by day" option to clients. For example, comparing today's day with the first day of week (which differs from country to country) to check whether it is a weekday.

}
}

Alternatively, when the intended design permits the new method in the parent class to be invoked directly from a subclass without overriding, install a security manager check directly in the new method.

Noncompliant Code Example

This noncompliant code example overrides the methods after() and compareTo() of the class java.util.Calendar. The Calendar.after() method returns a boolean value that indicates whether the Calendar represents a time after that represented by the specified Object parameter. The programmer wishes to extend this functionality so that the after() method returns true even when the two objects represent the same date. She also overrides the method compareTo() to provide a "comparisons by day" option to clients. For example, comparing today's day with the first day of week (which differs from country to country) to check whether it is a weekday.

class CalendarSubclass extends Calendar {
  @Override public boolean after(Object when) {
    // correctly calls Calendar.compareTo()
    if(when instanceof Calendar && super.compareTo((Calendar)when) == 0) { // Note the == operator
      return true;
    }
    return super.after(when); // Calls CalendarSubclass.compareTo() instead of Calendar.compareTo() 
  }
	
  @Override public int compareTo(Calendar anotherCalendar) {
    // This method is erroneously invoked by Calendar.after()
    return compareDays(this.getFirstDayOfWeek(), anotherCalendar.getFirstDayOfWeek());
  }

  private int compareDays(int currentFirstDayOfWeek, int anotherFirstDayOfWeek) {
    return (currentFirstDayOfWeek > anotherFirstDayOfWeek) ?
           1 : (currentFirstDayOfWeek == anotherFirstDayOfWeek) ? 0 : -1;
  }

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    CalendarSubclass cs1 = new CalendarSubclass(); 
    CalendarSubclass cs2 = new CalendarSubclass(); // Wed Dec 31 19:00:00 EST 1969
    cs1.setTime(new Date());                       // Current day's date 
    System.out.println(cs1.after(cs2));   

class CalendarSubclass extends Calendar {
  @Override public boolean after(Object when) {
    // correctly calls Calendar.compareTo()
    if(when instanceof Calendar && super.compareTo((Calendar)when) == 0) { // Note the == operator
      return true;
    }
    return super.after(when); // Calls CalendarSubclass.compareTo() instead of Calendar.compareTo() 
  }
	
  @Override public int compareTo(Calendar anotherCalendar) {
    // This method is erroneously invoked by Calendar.after()
    return compareDays(this.getFirstDayOfWeek(), anotherCalendar.getFirstDayOfWeek());
  }

  private int compareDays(int currentFirstDayOfWeek, int anotherFirstDayOfWeek) {
    return (currentFirstDayOfWeek > anotherFirstDayOfWeek) ?
         // prints 1false
 : (currentFirstDayOfWeek == anotherFirstDayOfWeek) ? 0 : -1;
  }

  public static void main(String[] args}

  // Implementation of other abstract methods 
}

// The implementation of java.util.Calendar.after() method is shown below
public boolean after(Object when) {
  return when CalendarSubclassinstanceof cs1Calendar = new CalendarSubclass(); 
    CalendarSubclass cs2 = new CalendarSubclass();&& compareTo((Calendar)when) > 0; // Note the > operator
     // Wedforwards Decto 31 19:00:00 EST 1969
    cs1.setTime(new Date());                       // Current day's date 
    System.out.println(cs1.after(cs2));            // prints false
  }

  // Implementation of other abstract methods 
}

// The implementation of java.util.Calendar.after() method is shown below
public boolean after(Object when) {
  return when instanceof Calendar && compareTo((Calendar)when) > 0; // Note the > operator
     // forwards to the subclass's implementation erroneously
}

Such errors generally occur because the developer has depended on assumptions about the implementation specific details of the superclass. Even when these assumptions are correct when originally made, the implementation details of the superclass may change in the future without warning. In this case, the two objects are initially compared using the overriding after() method; subsequently, the superclass's after() method is explicitly invoked to perform the remainder of the comparison. But the superclass Calendar's after() method internally uses class Object's compareTo() method. Consequently, the superclass's after() method invokes the subclass's version of compareTo(). Because the developer of the subclass was unaware of the details of the superclass's implementation of after(), she incorrectly assumed that the superclass's after() method would invoke only its own methods without invoking overriding methods from the subclass. The guideline MET04-J. Ensure that constructors do not call overridable methods describes similar programming errors.

Compliant Solution

This compliant solution recommends the use of a design pattern called composition and forwarding (sometimes also referred to as delegation) \[[Lieberman 1986|AA. Bibliography#Lieberman 86]\] and \[[Gamma 1995|AA. Bibliography#Gamma 95, p. 20]\]. The compliant solution introduces a new _forwarder_ class that contains a {{private}} member field of the {{Calendar}} type; this is _composition_ rather than inheritance In this example, the field refers to {{CalendarImplementation}}, a concrete instantiable implementation of the {{abstract}} {{Calendar}} class. The compliant solution also introduces a wrapper class called {{CompositeCalendar}} that provides the same overridden methods found in the {{CalendarSubclass}} from the preceding noncompliant code example.

// The CalendarImplementation object is a concrete implementation of the abstract Calendar class
// Class ForwardingCalendar
public class ForwardingCalendar {
  private final CalendarImplementation c;

  public ForwardingCalendar(CalendarImplementation c) {
    this.c = c;
  }

  CalendarImplementation getCalendarImplementation() {
    return c;
  }

  public boolean after(Object when) {
    return c.after(when);
  }

  public int compareTo(Calendar anotherCalendar) {
    // CalendarImplementation.compareTo() will be called
    return c.compareTo(anotherCalendar);
  }
}

//Class CompositeCalendar
class CompositeCalendar extends ForwardingCalendar {
  public CompositeCalendar(CalendarImplementation ci) {
    super(ci);  
  }
  
  @Override public boolean after(Object when) {
    // This will call the overridden version i.e. CompositeClass.compareTo();
    if(when instanceof Calendar && super.compareTo((Calendar)when) == 0) {
      // Return true if it is the first day of week
      return true;
    }
    return super.after(when); // Does not compare with first day of week anymore;
                              // Uses default comparison with epoch
  }
	
  @Override public int compareTo(Calendar anotherCalendar) {
    return compareDays(super.getCalendarImplementation().getFirstDayOfWeek(),
                       anotherCalendar.getFirstDayOfWeek());
  }

  private int compareDays(int currentFirstDayOfWeek, int anotherFirstDayOfWeek) {
    return (currentFirstDayOfWeek > anotherFirstDayOfWeek) ?
           1 : (currentFirstDayOfWeek == anotherFirstDayOfWeek) ? 0 : -1;
  }

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    CalendarImplementation ci1 = new CalendarImplementation();
    CalendarImplementation ci2 = new CalendarImplementation();
    CompositeCalendar c = new CompositeCalendar(ci1);
    ci1.setTime(new Date());
    System.out.println(c.after(ci2)); // prints true 
  }
}

the subclass's implementation erroneously
}

Such errors generally occur because the developer has depended on assumptions about the implementation specific details of the superclass. Even when these assumptions are correct when originally made, the implementation details of the superclass may change in the future without warning. In this case, the two objects are initially compared using the overriding after() method; subsequently, the superclass's after() method is explicitly invoked to perform the remainder of the comparison. But the superclass Calendar's after() method internally uses class Object's compareTo() method. Consequently, the superclass's after() method invokes the subclass's version of compareTo(). Because the developer of the subclass was unaware of the details of the superclass's implementation of after(), she incorrectly assumed that the superclass's after() method would invoke only its own methods without invoking overriding methods from the subclass. The guideline MET04-J. Ensure that constructors do not call overridable methods describes similar programming errors.

Compliant Solution

This compliant solution recommends the use of a design pattern called composition and forwarding (sometimes also referred to as delegation) \[[Lieberman 1986|AA. Bibliography#Lieberman 86]\] and \[[Gamma 1995|AA. Bibliography#Gamma 95, p. 20]\]. The compliant solution introduces a new _forwarder_ class that contains a {{private}} member field of the {{Calendar}} type; this is _composition_ rather than inheritance In this example, the field refers to {{CalendarImplementation}}, a concrete instantiable implementation of the {{abstract}} {{Calendar}} class. The compliant solution also introduces a wrapper class called {{CompositeCalendar}} that provides the same overridden methods found in the {{CalendarSubclass}} from the preceding noncompliant code example.

// The CalendarImplementation object is a concrete implementation of the abstract Calendar class
// Class ForwardingCalendar
public class ForwardingCalendar {
  private final CalendarImplementation c;

  public ForwardingCalendar(CalendarImplementation c) {
    this.c = c;
  }

  CalendarImplementation getCalendarImplementation() {
    return c;
  }

  public boolean after(Object when) {
    return c.after(when);
  }

  public int compareTo(Calendar anotherCalendar) {
    // CalendarImplementation.compareTo() will be called
    return c.compareTo(anotherCalendar);
  }
}

//Class CompositeCalendar
class CompositeCalendar extends ForwardingCalendar {
  public CompositeCalendar(CalendarImplementation ci) {
    super(ci);  
  }
  
  @Override public boolean after(Object when) {
    // This will call the overridden version i.e. CompositeClass.compareTo();
    if(when instanceof Calendar && super.compareTo((Calendar)when) == 0) {
      // Return true if it is the first day of week
      return true;
    }
    return super.after(when); // Does not compare with first day of week anymore;
                              // Uses default comparison with epoch
  }
	
  @Override public int compareTo(Calendar anotherCalendar) {
    return compareDays(super.getCalendarImplementation().getFirstDayOfWeek(),
                       anotherCalendar.getFirstDayOfWeek());
  }

  private int compareDays(int currentFirstDayOfWeek, int anotherFirstDayOfWeek) {
    return (currentFirstDayOfWeek > anotherFirstDayOfWeek) ?
           1 : (currentFirstDayOfWeek == anotherFirstDayOfWeek) ? 0 : -1;
  }

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    CalendarImplementation ci1 = new CalendarImplementation();
    CalendarImplementation ci2 = new CalendarImplementation();
    CompositeCalendar c = new CompositeCalendar(ci1);
    ci1.setTime(new Date());
    System.out.println(c.after(ci2)); // prints true 
  }
}

Note that each method of the class ForwardingCalendar redirects to methods of the contained class instance (CalendarImplementation), from which it receives return values; this is the forwarding mechanism. The ForwardingCalendar class is largely independent of the implementation of the class CalendarImplementation. Consequently, future changes to CalendarImplementation are unlikely to break ForwardingCalendar and thus are also unlikely to break CompositeCalendar, which derives from ForwardingCalendar. Invocations of CompositeCalendar's overriding after() method perform the necessary comparison by using the local version of the compareTo() method as required. Using super.after(when) forwards to ForwardingCalendar which invokes the CalendarImplementation's after() method. Consequently, ava.util.Calendar.after() invokes CalendarImplementation's compareTo() method rather than the overriding version in CompositeClass that was inappropriately called in the noncompliant code example.

Related Vulnerability: JDK 1.2 java.util.Hashtable.entrySet()

The introduction of the entrySet() method in the java.util.Hashtable superclass in JDK 1.2 left the java.security.Provider subclass class vulnerable to a security attack. The Provider class extends java.util.Properties, which, in turn, extends Hashtable. The Provider class maps a cryptographic algorithm name (for example, "RSA") to a class that provides its implementation.

The {{Provider}} class inherits the {{put()}} and {{remove()}} methods from {{Hashtable}} and adds security manager checks to each. These checks ensure that malicious code cannot add or remove the mappings. When {{entrySet()}} was introduced, it became possible for untrusted code to remove the mappings from the {{Hashtable}} because {{Provider}} did not override this method to provide the necessary security manager check \[[SCG 2007|AA. Bibliography#SCG 07]\]. This problem is commonly know as a "fragile class hierarchy" in other object-oriented languages such as C+\+

.

Risk Assessment

Modifying a superclass without considering the effect on a subclass subclasses can introduce vulnerabilities. Subclasses that are unaware of the superclass implementation can may be subject to erratic behavior resulting in inconsistent data state and mismanaged control flow.

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