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canonicalization : Reducing the input to its equivalent simplest known form.

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happens-before order
happens-before order

Wiki Markup
*happens-before order* : "Two actions can be ordered by a happens-before relationship. If one action happens-before another, then the first is visible to and ordered before the second. It should be noted that the presence of a happens-before relationship between two actions does not necessarily imply that they have to take place in that order in an implementation. If the reordering produces results consistent with a legal execution, it is not illegal. Writes in one thread that are in a data race with reads in another thread may, for example, appear to occur out of order to those reads." \[[JLS 05|AA. Java References#JLS 05]\]. 

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heap memory
heap memory

Wiki Markup
*heap memory* : "Memory that can be shared between threads is called shared memory or heap memory. All instance fields, static fields and array elements are stored in heap memory.\[...\] Local variables (§14.4), formal method parameters (§8.4.1) or exception handler parameters are never shared between threads and are unaffected by the memory model." \[[JLS 05|AA. Java References#JLS 05]\]. 

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