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An acceptable technique to limit the exposure of passwords is the use of Hash functions, which allow programs to indirectly compare an input password to the original, without storing a cleartext or decryptable version of the password. This approach minimizes the exposure of the password without presenting any practical disadvantages.

Cryptographic Hash Functions

The value that a hash function outputs is called the hash value. Another term for hash value is message digest. Hash functions are computationally feasible functions whose inverses are computationally infeasible. In practice, one can encode a password to a hash value, but decoding remains infeasible. The equality of the passwords can be tested through the equality of their hash values.

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Java's MessageDigest class provides the functionality of various cryptographic hash functions. Be careful not to pick a defective function such as MD5. Hash functions such as SHA-1 and SHA-2 are maintained by the NSA, and are currently considered safe.

Noncompliant Code Example

This noncompliant code example encrypts and decrypts the password stored in credentials.pw.

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An attacker could potentially decrypt this file to discover the password. The attacker could be someone who knows or has figured out the encryption scheme being used by the program.

Noncompliant Code Example

This noncompliant code examples implements the SHA-1 hash function through the MessageDigest class to compare hash values instead of cleartext strings.

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Although this approach fixes the decryption problem from the previous noncompliant code example, at runtime this code may inadvertently store the passwords as cleartext. Java string objects are immutable, and can be copied and internally stored by the JVM. Consequently, Java lacks a mechanism to securely erase a password once it has been stored in a String. See MSC10-J. Limit the lifetime of sensitive data for more information.

Compliant Solution

This compliant solution addresses the problems from the previous noncompliant code example by using a byte array to store the password.

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In both the setPassword() and checkPassword() methods, the cleartext representation of the password is erased immediately after it has been converted into a hash value. Consequently, an attacker cannot get the password as cleartext after the erasure. 

Exceptions

MSC18-EX0: Applications such as password managers may need to retrieve the original password in order to enter it into a third-party application. This is permitted, even though it violates the rule. The password manager is accessed by a single user and always has the user's permission to store their passwords and to display those passwords on command. As a result, provided the user is competent, the program's operation will be safe. 

Risk Assessment

Passwords stored without a secure hash are exposed to malicious users. Violations of this rule generally have a clear exploit associated with them.

Bibliography

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