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Temporary files are typically sometimes used to

• Share data between processes
• Store auxiliary program data (for example, to save memory)
• Construct and/or load classes, JAR files and native libraries dynamically

Programmers frequently create temporary files in directories that are writable by everyone; examples include /tmp and /var/tmp on UNIX and C:\TEMP on Windows. Files in such directories may be purged regularly, for example, every night or during reboot. However, an attacker who has access to the local file system can misuse files held in world-writable directories when those files are created insecurely or remain accessible after use. For instance, an attacker who can both predict the name of a temporary file and can change or replace that file, can exploit a time-of-check time-of-use (TOCTOU) condition to cause either a failure in creating the temporary file from within program code or operating on a file determined by the attacker. This exploit is particularly dangerous when the vulnerable program is running with elevated privileges. However, on multiuser systems a user can be tricked by an attacker into unintentionally operating on their own files.

Mitigation strategies include use of:

• other IPC mechanisms such as sockets and remote procedure calls
• the low-level Java Native Interface (JNI).
• memory mapped files
• threads to share heap data within the same JVM (applies to data sharing between Java processes only)
• a secure directory that can be accessed only by application instances. When using this strategy, ensure that multiple instances of the application running on the same platform avoid competing for the same files.

Shared access to a directory is riskier than shared access to a limited number of files. Consequently, temporary files in shared directories must be

• Created with unique and unpredictable file names,
• Opened with exclusive access,
• Removed before the program exits, and
• Opened with appropriate permissions.

Secure creation of temporary files is error prone and relies on platform dependent behavior; the Operating System, and the file system are the determining factors. Code that works for a locally mounted file system, for example, may be vulnerable when used with a remotely mounted file system. Moreover, most relevant APIs are problematic. The only secure comprehensive solution is to refrain from creating temporary files in shared directories.

Unique and Unpredictable File Names

A recently identified bug in JRE and JDK version 6.0 and earlier permits an attacker who can predict the names of temporary files to write malicious JAR files via unknown vectors \[[CVE 2008|AA. Bibliography#CVE 08]\]. Failure to reclaim temporary resources can cause rapid disk space exhaustion because of unreclaimed files \[[Secunia Advisory 20132|http://secunia.com/advisories/20132/]\].

Exclusive Access

Exclusive access grants unrestricted file access to the locking process while denying access to all other processes, thus eliminating the potential for a race condition on the locked region. The {{java.nio.channels.FileLock}} class facilitates file locking. According to the Java API \[[API 2006|AA. Bibliography#API 06]\] documentation

A file lock is either exclusive or shared. A shared lock prevents other concurrently-running programs from acquiring an overlapping exclusive lock, but does allow them to acquire overlapping shared locks. An exclusive lock prevents other programs from acquiring an overlapping lock of either type. Once it is released, a lock has no further effect on the locks that may be acquired by other programs.

Shared locks support concurrent read access from multiple processes; exclusive locks support exclusive write access. File locks provide protection across processes; they are ineffective for multiple threads within a single process. Both shared locks and exclusive locks eliminate the potential for a cross-process race condition on the locked region. Exclusive locks provide mutual exclusion; shared locks prevent alteration of the state of the locked file region (one of the required properties for a data race).

Temporary files are files and consequently must conform to the requirements specified by rules governing operations on files including FIO00-J. Do not overwrite an existing file while attempting to create a new file, FIO03-J. Create files with appropriate access permissions, and FIO04-J. Do not operate on files in shared directories. Temporary files have an additional requirement that the must be removed before program termination.

Removing temporary files when they are no longer required allows file names and other resources (such as secondary storage) to be recycled. Each program is responsible for ensuring that temporary files are removed during normal operation. There is no surefire method that can guarantee the removal of orphaned files in the case of abnormal termination, even in the presence of a finally block, because the finally block may fail to execute. For this reason, many systems employ temporary file cleaner utilities to sweep temporary directories and remove old files. Such utilities can be invoked manually by a system administrator or can be periodically invoked by a system daemon. However, these utilities are themselves vulnerable to file-based exploits and often require the use of shared directories.

Noncompliant Code Example (Temporary file)

This noncompliant code example provides the name of a temporary file to create. Even though the program detects whether a file still exists after its creation, this check creates a TOCTOU race condition that an attacker can exploit, by altering or deleting the file between the check and the read.

class TempFile {
  public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException{
    File f = new File("tempnam.tmp");
    FileOutputStream fop = new FileOutputStream(f);
    String str = "Data";
    
    if (f.exists()) {
      fop.write(str.getBytes());
      fop.close();
    } else { 
      System.out.println("This file does not exist"); 
    }
  }      
}

Noncompliant Code Example (createTempFile(), deleteOnExit())

This noncompliant code example improves over the previous noncompliant code example by using the method File.createTempFile() to generate a unique temporary filename based on two parameters, a prefix and an extension. This is the only method currently designed and provided for producing unique file names; unfortunately, the names produced can be easy to predict. Mitigate this vulnerability by using a good random number generator to produce the prefix.

Providing unique filenames is a common attempt at mitigating the risk of creating a file in an insecure directory. If the filename is not sufficiently unique or random, an attacker can guess or predict the name of the file to be created, and exploit the filesystem as in the last example.

This example also attempts to use the {{deleteOnExit()}} method to ensure that the temporary file is deleted when the JVM terminates. However, according to the Java API

"Whether or not a lock actually prevents another program from accessing the content of the locked region is system-dependent and consequently unspecified" \[[API 2006|AA. Bibliography#API 06]\].

Microsoft Windows uses a file-locking mechanism called mandatory locking because every process attempting access to a locked file region is subject to the restriction.

Linux implements both mandatory locks and advisory locks. Advisory locks are not enforced by the operating system, which diminishes their value from a security perspective. Unfortunately, the mandatory file lock in Linux is generally impractical because:

• Mandatory locking is supported only on local file systems; it lacks support for network file systems (such as NFS or AFS).
• File systems must be explicitly mounted with support for mandatory locking; this support is disabled by default.
• Locking relies on the set-group-ID bit, however that bit can be disabled by another process (thereby defeating the lock).

Removal Before Termination

Removing temporary files when they are no longer required allows file names and other resources (such as secondary storage) to be recycled. Each program is responsible for ensuring that temporary files are removed during normal operation. There is no surefire method that can guarantee the removal of orphaned files in the case of abnormal termination, even in the presence of a finally block, because the finally block may fail to execute. For this reason, many systems employ temporary file cleaner utilities to sweep temporary directories and remove old files. Such utilities can be invoked manually by a system administrator or can be periodically invoked by a system daemon. However, these utilities are themselves vulnerable to file-based exploits and often require the use of shared directories.

Noncompliant Code Example (Temporary file)

This noncompliant code example provides the name of a temporary file to create. Even though the program detects whether a file still exists after its creation, this check creates a TOCTOU race condition that an attacker can exploit, by altering or deleting the file between the check and the read.

 Class {{File}}, method {{deleteOnExit()}} documentation:

Deletion will be attempted only for normal termination of the virtual machine, as defined by the Java Language Specification. Once deletion has been requested, it is not possible to cancel the request. This method should consequently be used with care.
Note: this method should not be used for file-locking, as the resulting protocol cannot be made to work reliably.

Consequently, the file is not deleted if the JVM terminates unexpectedly. A longstanding bug on Windows based systems reported as [Bug ID: 4171239|http://bugs.sun.com/bugdatabase/view_bug.do?bug_id=4171239] \[[SDN 2008|AA. Bibliography#SDN 08]\] causes JVMs to fail to delete a file when {{deleteOnExit()}} is invoked before the associated stream or {{RandomAccessFile}} is closed. 

class TempFile {
  public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException{
    File f = File.createTempFile("tempnam",".tmp");
    

class TempFile {
  public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException{
    File f = new File("tempnam.tmp");
    FileOutputStream fop = new FileOutputStream(f);
    String str = "Data";
    
    if (f.exists())try {
      fop.write(str.getBytes());
      fop.closeflush();
    } else    
    } finally { 
      System.out.println("This // Stream/file doesstill not exist"); open; file will
    }
  }// not be deleted on Windows 
}

...

systems
      f.deleteOnExit(); // Delete the file when the JVM terminates
    }
  }       
}

Noncompliant Code Example (POSIX, Java 1.7), DELETE_ON_CLOSE)

This noncompliant code example improves over the previous noncompliant code example by using the method File.createTempFile() to generate a unique temporary filename based on two parameters, a prefix and an extension. This is the only method currently designed and provided for producing unique file names; unfortunately, the names produced can be easy to predict. Mitigate this vulnerability by using a good random number generator to produce the prefix.

Providing unique filenames is a common attempt at mitigating the risk of creating a file in an insecure directory. If the filename is not sufficiently unique or random, an attacker can guess or predict the name of the file to be created, and exploit the filesystem as in the last example.

This example also attempts to use the {{deleteOnExit()}} method to ensure that the temporary file is deleted when the JVM terminates. However, according to the Java API \[[API 2006|AA. Bibliography#API 06]\] Class {{File}}, method {{deleteOnExit()}} documentation:

Deletion will be attempted only for normal termination of the virtual machine, as defined by the Java Language Specification. Once deletion has been requested, it is not possible to cancel the request. This method should consequently be used with care.
Note: this method should not be used for file-locking, as the resulting protocol cannot be made to work reliably.

Consequently, the file is not deleted if the JVM terminates unexpectedly. A longstanding bug on Windows based systems reported as [Bug ID: 4171239|http://bugs.sun.com/bugdatabase/view_bug.do?bug_id=4171239] \[[SDN 2008|AA. Bibliography#SDN 08]\] causes JVMs to fail to delete a file when {{deleteOnExit()}} is invoked before the associated stream or {{RandomAccessFile}} is closed. 

creates a temporary file using the newest features of Java 1.7's NIO facility. It uses the createTempFile() method, which creates an unpredictable name. (The actual method by which the name is created is implementation-defined and undocumented.) The file is specifically created with POSIX file permissions denying access to the file to everyone except the file's creator, a similar permission set can be devised for Windows. Furthermore, the createTempFile() will throw an exception if the file already existed. The file is opened using the try-with-resources construct, which automatically closes the file whether or not an exception occurs. And finally, the file is opened with the Java 1.7 DELETE_ON_CLOSE option, which serves to remove the file automatically when it is closed.

class TempFile {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    // POSIX file permissions for exclusive read/write
    Set<PosixFilePermission> perms = PosixFilePermissions.fromString("rw-------");
    FileAttribute att = PosixFilePermissions.asFileAttribute(perms);
    Path tempFile = null;
    try {
      tempFile = Files.createTempFile("file", ".myapp", att);
      try (BufferedWriter writer = Files.newBufferedWriter(tempFile, Charset.forName("UTF8"),
                                                           StandardOpenOption.DELETE_ON_CLOSE)) {
          // write to file
      }
      System.out.println("Temporary file write done, file erased");
    } catch (FileAlreadyExistsException x) {
      System.err.println("File exists: " + tempFile);
    } catch (IOException x) {

class TempFile {
  public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException{
    File f = File.createTempFile("tempnam",".tmp");
    FileOutputStream fop = new FileOutputStream(f);
    String str = "Data";
    try {
      fop.write(str.getBytes());
      fop.flush();        
    } finally {
      // Stream/file still open; file will
      // Some other notsort beof deletedfailure, onsuch Windowsas systemspermissions.
      fSystem.err.deleteOnExitprintln(); // Delete the file when the JVM terminates"Error creating temporary file: " + x);
    }
  }       
}

...

Despite the new Java 1.7

...

features, this example still has several vulnerabilities. There is no mechanism to open the file with exclusive access, a feature provided by standard POSIX. Consequently the temporary file, once created, is still accessible and modifiable by anyone with access to its containing directory. Also, because the creation of the file and the opening of the file are distinct operations, this program is still vulnerable to a time-of-check-time-of-use (TOCTOU) race condition.

To work around the file/stream termination issue, always attempt to terminate the resource normally before invoking {{deleteOnExit()}}. Using {{File.io.delete()}} to immediately delete the file is good practice, when possible; this avoids improper JVM termination related issues. Moreover, although unreliable, {{System.gc()}} may be invoked to free up related resources. Sometimes, the resources to be deleted cannot be closed first; see, for example, [Bug ID: 4635827|http://bugs.sun.com/bugdatabase/view_bug.do?bug_id=4635827] \[[SDN 2008|AA. Bibliography#SDN 08]\]. There is no known workaround for this case.

Compliant Solution (POSIX, Java 1.7, secure directory)

This compliant solution uses the isInSecureDir() method to ensure that an attacker may not tamper with the file to be opened and subsequently removed. Note that once the path name of a directory has been checked using isInSecureDir(), all further file operations on that directory must be performed using the same path.

class TempFile {
  public static boolean isInSecureDir(Path file) {
    // ...
  }

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Path tempDir = new File(args[0]).toPath();
    if (!isInSecureDir(tempDir)) {
      System.out.println("Temporary Directory not secure");
      return;
    }

    // POSIX file permissions for exclusive read/write
    Set<PosixFilePermission> perms = PosixFilePermissions.fromString("rw-------");
    FileAttribute att = PosixFilePermissions.asFileAttribute(perms);
    Path tempFile = null;
    try

This noncompliant code example creates a temporary file using the newest features of Java 1.7's NIO facility. It uses the createTempFile() method, which creates an unpredictable name. (The actual method by which the name is created is implementation-defined and undocumented.) The file is specifically created with POSIX file permissions denying access to the file to everyone except the file's creator, a similar permission set can be devised for Windows. Furthermore, the createTempFile() will throw an exception if the file already existed. The file is opened using the try-with-resources construct, which automatically closes the file whether or not an exception occurs. And finally, the file is opened with the Java 1.7 DELETE_ON_CLOSE option, which serves to remove the file automatically when it is closed.

class TempFile {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    // POSIX file permissions for exclusive read/write
    Set<PosixFilePermission> perms = PosixFilePermissions.fromString("rw-------");
    FileAttribute att = PosixFilePermissions.asFileAttribute(perms);
    Path tempFile = null;
    try {
      tempFile = Files.createTempFile("file", ".myapp", att);
      try (BufferedWriter writer = Files.newBufferedWriter(tempFile, Charset.forName("UTF8"),
                                                           StandardOpenOption.DELETE_ON_CLOSE)) {
          // write to file
      }
      System.out.println("Temporary file write done, file erased");
    } catch (FileAlreadyExistsException x) {
      System.err.println("File exists: " + tempFile);
    } catch (IOException x) {
tempFile = Files.createTempFile(tempDir, "file", ".myapp", att);
      try (BufferedWriter writer = Files.newBufferedWriter(tempFile, Charset.forName("UTF8"),
       // Some other sort of failure, such as permissions.
                                       System.err.println("Error creating temporary file: " + x);
 StandardOpenOption.DELETE_ON_CLOSE)) {
     }
  }
}

Despite the new Java 1.7 features, this example still has several vulnerabilities. There is no mechanism to open the file with exclusive access, a feature provided by standard POSIX. Consequently the temporary file, once created, is still accessible and modifiable by anyone with access to its containing directory. Also, because the creation of the file and the opening of the file are distinct operations, this program is still vulnerable to a time-of-check-time-of-use (TOCTOU) race condition.

To work around the file/stream termination issue, always attempt to terminate the resource normally before invoking {{deleteOnExit()}}. Using {{File.io.delete()}} to immediately delete the file is good practice, when possible; this avoids improper JVM termination related issues. Moreover, although unreliable, {{System.gc()}} may be invoked to free up related resources. Sometimes, the resources to be deleted cannot be closed first; see, for example, [Bug ID: 4635827|http://bugs.sun.com/bugdatabase/view_bug.do?bug_id=4635827] \[[SDN 2008|AA. Bibliography#SDN 08]\]. There is no known workaround for this case.

Compliant Solution (POSIX, Java 1.7, secure directory)

This compliant solution uses the isInSecureDir() method to ensure that an attacker may not tamper with the file to be opened and subsequently removed. Note that once the path name of a directory has been checked using isInSecureDir(), all further file operations on that directory must be performed using the same path.

...

...

   // write to file
        }
      System.out.println("Temporary file write done, file erased");

    } catch (FileAlreadyExistsException x) {
      System.err.println("File exists: " + tempFile);
    } catch (IOException x) {
      // Some other sort of failure, such as permissions.
      System.err.println("Error creating temporary file: " + x);
    }
  }
}

Compliant Solution

Vulnerabilities that result from using shared files can be avioded by using other mechanisms including:

• other IPC mechanisms such as sockets and remote procedure calls
• the low-level Java Native Interface (JNI).
• memory mapped files
• threads to share heap data within the same JVM (applies to data sharing between Java processes only)
• a secure directory that can be accessed only by application instances, provided that multiple instances of the application running on the same platform avoid competing for the same files.

Exceptions

FIO07-EX0: Programs that operate on single user systems, or on systems where there are no shared directories or no possibility of file system vulnerabilities, do not need to ensure that temporary files are only created in secure directories.

Risk Assessment

Failure to follow best practices while creating, using and deleting temporary files can lead to denial of service vulnerabilities, misinterpretations and alterations in control flow.

...

...