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sub print_array {
  my $array = shift;
  print "( ";
  foreach $item (@{$array}) {
    print "$item , ";
  }
  print ")\n";
}

my @array; # initialize
my $array_ref = @array;
print_array( $array_ref);

my $array_ref = \@array;
print_array( $array_ref);

my @array; # initialize
my $cardinality = @array;
print "The array has $cardinality elements\n";

my $cardinality = scalar( @array);
print "The array has $cardinality elements\n";

my $cardinality = $#array + 1;
print "The array has $cardinality elements\n";