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If Unless coded properly, a while or for statement uses a loop counter, and increments or decrements it by more than one, it should use an inequality operator to terminate the loop. loop may execute forever or until the counter wraps around and reaches its final value. (See NUM00-J. Detect or prevent integer overflow.) This problem may result from incrementing or decrementing a loop counter by more than one and then testing for equality to a specified value to terminate the loop. In this case, it is possible that the loop counter will leapfrog the specified value and execute either forever or until the counter wraps around and reaches its final value. This problem may also be caused by naïve testing against limits—for example, looping while a counter is less than or equal to Integer.MAX_VALUE or greater than or equal to Integer.MIN_VALUE.

Noncompliant Code Example

This noncompliant code example may appear to have 5 iterations, but in fact, the loop never terminates.appears to iterate five times:

for (i = 1; i != 10; i += 2) {
  // ...
}

However, the loop never terminates. Successive values of i are 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and so on; the comparison with 10 never evaluates to true. The value reaches the maximum representable positive number (Integer.MAX_VALUE), then wraps to the second-lowest negative number (Integer.MIN_VALUE + 1). It then works its way up to –1, then 1, and proceeds as described earlier.

Noncompliant Code Example

This noncompliant code example terminates but performs more iterations than expected:

for ( i = 1; i != 10; i += 2 5) {
  // ...
}

Compliant Solution

Successive values of i are 1, 6, and 11, skipping 10. The value of i then wraps from near the maximum positive value to near the lowest negative value and works its way up toward 0. It then assumes 2, 7, and 12, skipping 10 again. After the value wraps from the high-positive to the low-negative side three more times, it finally reaches 0, 5, and 10, terminating the loop.

Compliant Solution

One solution is to simply ensure the loop termination condition is reached before the counter inadvertently wrapsAn inequality comparison guarantees loop termination.

for (i = 1; i == 11; i += 2) {
  // ...
}

This solution can be fragile when one or more of the conditions affecting the iteration must be changed. A better solution is to use a numerical comparison operator (that is, <, <=, >, or >=) to terminate the loop.

for ( i = 1; i <= 10; i += 2 ) {
  // ...
}

Risk Assessment

Testing for exact values runs the risk of a loop terminating much longer than expected, or never terminating at all.

Automated Detection

None.

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

Other Languages

This rule appears in the C Secure Coding Standard as MSC21-C. Use inequality to terminate a loop whose counter changes by more than one .

This rule appears in the C++ Secure Coding Standard as MSC21-CPP. Use inequality to terminate a loop whose counter changes by more than one.

References

This latter solution can be more robust in the event of changes to the iteration conditions. However, this approach should never replace careful consideration regarding the intended and actual number of iterations.

Noncompliant Code Example

A loop expression that tests whether a counter is less than or equal to Integer.MAX_VALUE or greater than or equal to Integer.MIN_VALUE will never terminate because the expression will always evaluate to true. For example, the following loop will never terminate because i can never be greater than Integer.MAX_VALUE:

for (i = 1; i <= Integer.MAX_VALUE; i++) {
  // ...
}

Compliant Solution

The loop in this compliant solution terminates when i is equal to Integer.MAX_VALUE:

for (i = 1; i != Integer.MAX_VALUE; i++) {
  // ...
}

If the loop is meant to iterate for every value of i greater than 0, including Integer.MAX_VALUE, it can be implemented as follows:

i = 0;
do {
  i++
  // ...
} while (i != Integer.MAX_VALUE);

Noncompliant Code Example

This noncompliant code example initializes the loop counter i to 0 and then increments it by 2 on each iteration, basically enumerating all the even, positive values. The loop is expected to terminate when i is greater than Integer.MAX_VALUE - 1, an even value. In this case, the loop fails to terminate because the counter wraps around before becoming greater than Integer.MAX_VALUE - 1.

for (i = 0; i <= Integer.MAX_VALUE - 1; i += 2) {
  // ...
}

Compliant Solution

The loop in this compliant solution terminates when the counter i is greater than Integer.MAX_VALUE minus the step value as the loop-terminating condition.

for (i = 0; i <= Integer.MAX_VALUE - 2; i += 2) {
  // ...
}

Applicability

Incorrect termination of loops may result in infinite loops, poor performance, incorrect results, and other problems. In any of the conditions used to terminate a loop can be influenced by an attacker, these errors can be exploited to cause a denial of service or other attack.

Automated Detection

Bibliography

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