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Comment: Updated reference from C11->C23

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Although this code appears to be well defined because of the prototype-less declaration of of buginf(), it exhibits undefined behavior in accordance with the C Standard, 6.7.67.34, paragraph 15 14 [ISO/IEC 9899:20112024],

For two function types to be compatible, both shall specify compatible return types. Moreover, the parameter type lists , if both are present, shall agree in the number of parameters and in use of the final ellipsis terminator; corresponding parameters shall have compatible types. If one type has a parameter type list and the other type is specified by a function declarator that is not part of a function definition and that contains an empty identifier list, the parameter list shall not have an ellipsis terminator and the type of each parameter shall be compatible with the type that results from the application of the default argument promotionsIn the determination of type compatibility and of a composite type, each parameter declared with function or array type is taken as having the adjusted type and each parameter declared with qualified type is taken as having the unqualified version of its declared type.

Compliant Solution (Incompatible Variadic Function Declarations)

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Tool

Version

Checker

Description

Astrée
Include Page
Astrée_V
Astrée_V

type-compatibility

type-compatibility-link

distinct-extern

Fully checked
Axivion Bauhaus Suite

Include Page
Axivion Bauhaus Suite_V
Axivion Bauhaus Suite_V

CertC-DCL40Fully implemented
CodeSonar
Include Page
CodeSonar_V
CodeSonar_V
LANG.STRUCT.DECL.IF
LANG.STRUCT.DECL.IO
Inconsistent function declarations
Inconsistent object declarations
Coverity
Include Page
Coverity_V
Coverity_V
MISRA C 2012 Rule 8.4Implemented
Cppcheck Premium

Include Page
Cppcheck Premium_V
Cppcheck Premium_V

premium-cert-dcl40-cPartially implemented
Helix QAC

Include Page
Helix QAC_V
Helix QAC_V

C0776, C0778, C0779, C0789, C1510

C++1510

Fully implemented
Klocwork

Include Page
Klocwork_V
Klocwork_V

MISRA.FUNC.NOPROT.DEF.2012
MISRA.FUNC.PARAMS.IDENT

Fully implemented
LDRA tool suite8.5.4

1 X, 17 D

Partially implemented
Parasoft C/C++test

Include Page
Parasoft_V
Parasoft_V

CERT_C-DCL40-a
CERT_C-DCL40-b

All declarations of an object or function shall have compatible types
If objects or functions are declared more than once their types shall be compatible

Parasoft Insure++



Runtime analysis

PC-lint Plus

Include Page
PC-lint Plus_V
PC-lint Plus_V

18, 621, 793, 4376

Fully supported

Polyspace Bug Finder

Include Page
Polyspace Bug Finder_V
Polyspace Bug Finder_V

CERT C: Rule DCL40-C




Checks for declaration mismatch (rule fully covered)

RuleChecker

Include Page
RuleChecker_V
RuleChecker_V

type-compatibility

type-compatibility-link

distinct-extern

 

Fully checked
TrustInSoft Analyzer

Include Page
TrustInSoft Analyzer_V
TrustInSoft Analyzer_V

incompatible declarationExhaustively verified.

Related Guidelines

Key here (explains table format and definitions)

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63, (including Prototypes)"
J.2, "Undefined Behavior
[Hatton 1995]Section 2.8.3
[ISO/IEC 9899:2011]

J.2, "Undefined Behavior"

[ISO/IEC 9899:2024]

6.7.

7.

4 "Function Declarators

"


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