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The C Standard, Annex J (184) [ISO/IEC 9899:2024], states that the behavior

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of a program is undefined when

The pointer argument to the free or realloc function does not match a pointer earlier returned by a memory management function, or the space has been deallocated by a call to free or realloc.

See also undefined behavior 179.

Freeing memory that is not allocated dynamically can result in heap corruption and other serious errors. Do not call free() on anything a pointer other than a pointer one returned by a dynamic standard memory allocation function, such as malloc(), calloc(), realloc(), or aligned_alloc().

A similar situation arises when realloc() is supplied a pointer to non-dynamically allocated memory. The realloc() function is used to resize a block of dynamic memory. If realloc() is supplied a pointer to memory not allocated by a standard memory allocation function, such as malloc(), the behavior is undefined. One consequence is that the program may terminate abnormally.

This rule does not apply to null pointers. The C Standard guarantees that if free() is passed a null pointer, no action occurs.

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#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
 
enum { MAX_ALLOCATION = 1000 };

int main(int argc, const char *argv[]) {
  char *c_str = NULL;
  size_t len;

  if (argc == 2) {
    len = strlen(argv[1]) + 1;
    if (len > MAX_ALLOCATION) {
      /* Handle error */
    }
    c_str = (char *)malloc(len);
    if (c_str == NULL) {
      /* Handle error */
    }
    strcpy(c_str, argv[1]);
  } else {
    printf("%s\n", "usage: $>a.exe [string]");
    return -1EXIT_FAILURE;
  }
  free(c_str);
  return 0;
}

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#include <stdlib.h>
 
enum { BUFSIZE = 256 };
 
void f(void) {
  char buf[BUFSIZE];
  char *p = (char *)realloc(buf, 2 * BUFSIZE);
  if (p == NULL) {
    /* handleHandle error */
  }
}

Compliant Solution (realloc())

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#include <stdlib.h>
 
enum { BUFSIZE = 256 };
 
void f(void) {
  char *buf = (char *)malloc(BUFSIZE * sizeof(char));
  char *p = (char *)realloc(buf, 2 * BUFSIZE);
  if (p == NULL) {
    /* handleHandle error */
  }
}

Note that realloc() will behave properly even if malloc() failed, because when given a null pointer, realloc() behaves like a call to malloc().

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The consequences of this error depend on the implementation, but they range from nothing to arbitrary code execution if that memory is reused by malloc(). 

Automated Detection

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Related Vulnerabilities

CVE-2015-0240 describes a vulnerability in which an uninitialized pointer is passed to TALLOC_FREE(), which is a Samba-specific memory deallocation macro that wraps the talloc_free() function. The implementation of  talloc_free() would access the uninitialized pointer, resulting in a remote exploit.

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

Related Guidelines

Key here (explains table format and definitions)

Bibliography

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