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Wiki MarkupAccording to the Java API \[[API 06|AA. Java References#API 06]\], class {{The java.lang.ThreadLocal<T>}} documentation:

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class provides thread-local variables. According to the Java API [API 2014]:

These variables differ from their normal counterparts in that each thread that accesses one (via its get or set method) has its own, independently initialized copy of the variable. ThreadLocal instances are typically private static fields in classes that wish to associate state with a thread (e.g., a user ID or Transaction transaction ID).

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The use of {{ThreadLocal}} objects is insecure in classes whose objects are required to be executed by multiple threads in a thread pool. The technique of thread pooling allows threads to be reused when thread creation overhead is too high or creating an unbounded number of threads can affect the reliability of the system. Every thread that enters the pool expects to see an object in its initial, default state. However, when {{ThreadLocal}} objects are modified from a thread which is subsequently made available for reuse, the reused thread sees the state of the {{ThreadLocal}} object as set by the previous thread instead of the expected default state \[[JPL 06|AA. Java References#JPL 06]\] objects requires care in classes whose objects are required to be executed by multiple threads in a thread pool. The technique of thread pooling allows threads to be reused to reduce thread creation overhead or when creating an unbounded number of threads can diminish the reliability of the system. Each task that enters the pool expects to see ThreadLocal objects in their initial, default state. However, when ThreadLocal objects are modified on a thread that is subsequently made available for reuse, the next task executing on the reused thread sees the state of the ThreadLocal objects as modified by the previous task that executed on that thread [JPL 2006].

Programs must ensure that each task that executes on a thread from a thread pool sees only correctly initialized instances of ThreadLocal objects.

Noncompliant Code Example

This noncompliant code example consists of an enumeration of days (Day) and two classes (Diary and DiaryPool). The Diary class Diary uses a ThreadLocal variable to store thread-specific information, such as each threadtask's current day. The initial value of the current day is Monday; this it can be changed later by invoking the setDay() method. The class also contains a threadSpecificTask() instance method that performs a thread-specific task.

The DiaryPool class DiaryPool consists of two methods the doSomething1() and doSomething2() methods that each start a thread. The doSomething1() method changes the initial (default) value of the day in the diary to Friday and invokes threadSpecificTask(). On the other handHowever, doSomething2() relies on the initial value of the day (Monday) in the diary and invokes threadSpecificTask(). The main() method creates one thread using doSomething1() and two more using doSomething2().

public enum Day {
  MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, FRIDAY, SATURDAY, SUNDAY;
}

public final class Diary {
  private static final ThreadLocal<Day> days =
 
     new ThreadLocal<Day>() {
      // Initialize to Monday 
      protected Day initialValue() {
        return Day.MONDAY;
      }
    };

  private static Day currentDay() {
    return days.get();
  }

  public static void setDay(Day newDay) {
    days.set(newDay);
  }
    
  // Performs some thread-specific task
  public void threadSpecificTask() {
    // Do task ...
  }
}

public final class DiaryPool {
  final int NoOfThreadsnumOfThreads = 2; // Maximum number of threads allowed in pool
  final Executor exec;
  final Diary diary;

  DiaryPool() {
    exec = (Executor) Executors.newFixedThreadPool(NoOfThreadsnumOfThreads);
    diary = new Diary();
  }

  public void doSomething1() {
    exec.execute(new Runnable() {
        @Override public void run() {
         Diary diary.setDay(Day.FRIDAY);
          diary.threadSpecificTask();
        }
    });
  } 

  public void doSomething2() {
    exec.execute(new Runnable() {
        @Override public void run() {
          diary.threadSpecificTask();
       }
    });
  }

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    DiaryPool dp = new DiaryPool();
    dp.doSomething1(); // Thread 1, requires current day as Friday
    dp.doSomething2(); // Thread 2, requires current day as Monday
    dp.doSomething2(); // Thread 3, requires current day as Monday
  } 
}

The DiaryPool class uses creates a thread pool to execute multiple threads. This allows threads to be reused when the pool becomes full. When this happens, the thread local state of a previous thread may be inherited by a new thread that has just begun executionthat reuses a fixed number of threads operating off a shared, unbounded queue. At any point, no more than numOfThreads threads are actively processing tasks. If additional tasks are submitted when all threads are active, they wait in the queue until a thread is available. The thread-local state of the thread persists when a thread is recycled.

The following table shows a possible execution order:

In this execution order, it is expected that the two threads tasks (t₂ and t₃) started using from doSomething2() are expected to see would observe the current day as Monday, however, one of them (thread 3) inherits the day Friday from the first thread (thread 1), when that thread is reused. However, because pool thread 1 is reused, t₃ observes the day to be Friday.

Noncompliant Code Example (Increase Thread Pool Size)

This noncompliant code example increases the size of the thread pool from 2 to 3 two to three in an attempt to mitigate the issue.:

public final class DiaryPool {
  final int NoOfThreadsnumOfthreads = 3;
  // ...
}

Although this produces the required results increasing the size of the thread pool resolves the problem for this example, it is not a scalable solution fails to scale because changing the thread pool size on demand is infeasibleis insufficient if additional tasks can be submitted to the pool.

Compliant Solution (try-finally

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Clause)

This compliant solution adds the removeDay() method to the Diary class and wraps the statements in the doSomething1() method of class DiaryPool in a try-finally block. The finally block restores the initial state of the thread-local object days days object by removing the current thread's value from it.

public final class Diary {
  // ...
  public static void removeDay() {
    days.remove();
  }
}

public final class DiaryPool {
  // ...

  public void doSomething1() {
      exec.execute(new Runnable() {
        @Override public void run() {
    	      try {
  
          Diary.setDay(Day.FRIDAY);
            diary.threadSpecificTask();
          	} finally {
     	        Diary.removeDay(); // Diary.setDay(Day.MONDAY);	 
                               // can also be used
    	      }
        }
    });
  }
 
  // ...
}

If the thread-local variable is read by the same thread again, it is reinitialized using the initialValue() method unless the task has already set the variable's value explicitly [API 2014]. This solution transfers the burden of maintainability responsibility for maintenance to the client (DiaryPool) but is a good option when the Diary class cannot be refactoredmodified.

Compliant Solution (beforeExecute(

...

))

The class Diary does not use a ThreadLocal object in this This compliant solution . Also, the class DiaryPool uses local instances of class Diary within the methods doSomething1() and doSomething2(). The Day is uniquely maintained by each instance of the Diary class. As multiple threads are allowed to share a Diary instance, the day field is declared static. Creating two Diary instances in class DiaryPool allows the first thread to work with the object instance having the current day as Friday and the other two threads to work with the object instance having the current day as Mondayuses a custom ThreadPoolExecutor that extends ThreadPoolExecutor and overrides the beforeExecute() method. The beforeExecute() method is invoked before the Runnable task is executed in the specified thread. The method reinitializes the thread-local variable before task r is executed by thread t.

publicclass finalCustomThreadPoolExecutor classextends DiaryThreadPoolExecutor {
  privatepublic static Day day;

  Diary() {
    day = Day.MONDAY; // Default	
  }

  private Day currentDay(CustomThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
      int maximumPoolSize, long keepAliveTime,
      TimeUnit unit, BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue) {
    return day;
  }
super(corePoolSize, maximumPoolSize, keepAliveTime, 
  public void setDay(Day d) {
    day = dunit, workQueue);
  }

  // Performs some thread-specific task@Override
  public void threadSpecificTaskbeforeExecute()Thread {
t,    // Do task ...
  }
}

public final class DiaryPoolRunnable r) {
  private final intif NoOfThreads(t == 2; // Maximum number of threads allowed in pool
  private final Executor exec;

  DiaryPool() {
    exec = (Executor) Executors.newFixedThreadPool(NoOfThreads);
  }

  public void doSomething1() null || r == null) {
    final Diary diary =throw new DiaryNullPointerException(); // First instance
    exec.execute(new Runnable() {}
      public void run() {
        diaryDiary.setDay(Day.FRIDAYMONDAY);
        diary.threadSpecificTask(super.beforeExecute(t, r);
      }
    });
  } 

public final public void doSomething2()class DiaryPool {
    final Diary diary = new Diary(); // Second instance...
    exec.execute(new Runnable(DiaryPool() {
    exec = publicnew void run() {CustomThreadPoolExecutor(NumOfthreads, NumOfthreads,
        diary.threadSpecificTask();
      }
 10, TimeUnit.SECONDS, new }ArrayBlockingQueue<Runnable>(10));
  }

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    DiaryPool dp diary = new DiaryPoolDiary();
  }
  dp.doSomething1(); // Thread 1, requires current day as Friday
    dp.doSomething2(); // Thread 2, requires current day as Monday 
    dp.doSomething2(); // Thread 2, requires current day as Monday
  } 
}

The following table shows a possible execution order that conforms to the requirements:

Classes that cannot be refactored and whose design incorporates ThreadLocal data should not be executed in thread pools.

Exceptions

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}

Exceptions

TPS04-J-EX0: It is unnecessary to reinitialize a ThreadLocal object that does not change state after initializationEX1: Sometimes the state of the ThreadLocal object does not change beyond its initial value. For example, there may be only one type of database connection represented by the initial value of the ThreadLocal object. In the absence of mutability, it is safe to use a thread pool.

Risk Assessment

When objects of classes that use Objects using ThreadLocal data are and executed by different tasks in a thread pool by different threads, they may assume stale states, resulting in corrupt datawithout reinitialization might be in an unexpected state when reused.

Automated Detection

TODO

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

References

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Bibliography

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Image Added Image Added Image AddedCON26-J. Do not publish partially initialized objects      11. Concurrency (CON)      CON28-J. Prevent partially initialized objects from being used