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 This also guarantees initialization safety in multithreaded code. According to the _Java Language Specification_, [§17.5, "Final Field Semantics"|http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jls/third_edition/html/memory.html#17.5] \[[JLS 2005|AA. References#JLS 05]\], "An object is considered to be completely initialized when its constructor finishes. A thread that can only see a reference to an object after that object has been completely initialized is guaranteed to see the correctly initialized values for that object's final fields." In other words, when a constructor executing in one thread initializes a final field to a known safe value, other threads are unable to see the _preinitialized_ values of the object.

* _Initialized flag_. This approach allows uninitialized or partially initialized objects to exist in a known failed state; such objects are commonly known as _zombie objects_. This solution is error prone because any access to such a class must first check whether or not the object has been correctly initialized.

The following table summarizes these three approaches:
| *Solution* | *Uninitialized values* | *Partially-initialized objects* |
| Exception in constructor | prevents | does not prevent |
| Final field | prevents | prevents |
| Initialized flag | detects | detects |


h2. Noncompliant Code Example (Finalizer Attack)

This noncompliant code example, based on an example by Kabutz \[[Kabutz 2001|AA. References#Kabutz 01]\], defines the constructor of the {{BankOperations}} class so that it performs SSN verification using the method {{performSSNVerification()}}. The implementation of the {{performSSNVerification()}} method assumes that an attacker does not know the correct SSN and trivially returns {{false}}.

{code:bgColor=#FFcccc}
public class BankOperations {
  public BankOperations() {
    if (!performSSNVerification()) {
      throw new SecurityException("Access Denied!");
    }
  }

  private boolean performSSNVerification() {
    return false; // Returns true if data entered is valid, else false.
                  // Assume that the attacker always enters an invalid SSN.
  }

  public void greet() {
    System.out.println("Welcome user! You may now use all the features.");
  }
}

public class Storage {
  private static BankOperations bop;

  public static void store(BankOperations bo) {
  // OnlyStore storeonly if it is initialized
    if (bop == null) {
      if (bo == null) {
        System.out.println("Invalid object!");
        System.exit(1);
      }
      bop = bo;
    }
  }
}

public class UserApp {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    BankOperations bo;
    try {
      bo = new BankOperations();
    } catch (SecurityException ex) { bo = null; }

    Storage.store(bo);
    System.out.println("Proceed with normal logic");
  }
}
{code}

 {{BankOperations}} constructor, it is unable to further exploit the vulnerable code because the new object instance has gone out of scope. Instead, an attacker can exploit this code by extending the {{BankOperations}} class and overriding the {{finalize()}} method. This intentionally violates rule [MET12-J. Do not use finalizers].

When the constructor throws an exception, the garbage collector waits to grab the object reference. However, the object cannot be garbage-collected until _after_ the finalizer completes its execution. The attacker's finalizer obtains and stores a reference by using the {{this}} keyword. Consequently, the attacker can maliciously invoke any instance method on the base class by using the stolen instance reference. This attack can even bypass a check by a security manager.

{code:bgColor=#FFcccc}
public class Interceptor extends BankOperations {
  private static Interceptor stealInstance = null;

  public static Interceptor get() {
    try {
      new Interceptor();
    } catch (Exception ex) {/* ignoreIgnore exception */}
    try {
      synchronized (Interceptor.class) {
        while (stealInstance == null) {
          System.gc();
          Interceptor.class.wait(10);
        }
      }
    } catch (InterruptedException ex) { return null; }
    return stealInstance;
  }

  public void finalize() {
    synchronized (Interceptor.class) {
      stealInstance = this;
      Interceptor.class.notify();
    }
    System.out.println("Stole the instance in finalize of " + this);
  }
}

public class AttackerApp { // Invoke class and gain access
                           // to the restrictive features
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Interceptor i = Interceptor.get(); // stolenStolen instance

    // Can store the stolen object even though this should have printed
    // "Invalid Object!"
    Storage.store(i);

    // Now invoke any instance method of BankOperations class
    i.greet();

    UserApp.main(args); // Invoke the original UserApp
  }
}
{code}

public class BankOperations {
  public BankOperations() {
    this(performSSNVerification() attack.

{mc}
/**
This is an example of a finalizer attack in serialization. (Deserialization of cyclic references)
*/

import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InvalidObjectException;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import java.io.ObjectInputValidation;
import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
import java.io.Serializable;

class A implements Serializable, ObjectInputValidation {
  B b;
  private void readObject(ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
    System.out.println("invoked");
    in.registerValidation(this, 5);
    in.defaultReadObject();
  }

  public void doSomething1(ObjectInputStream ois) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
    ois.readObject();
  }

  publicprivate void doSomething2(BankOperations(boolean secure) {
    // secure is always true
    // Constructor without any security checks
  }

  private static boolean performSSNVerification() {
    // Returns true if data entered is valid, else throws a SecurityException
    // Assume that the attacker just enters invalid SSN, so this method always throws the exception
    throw new SecurityException("Invalid SSN!");
  }

  // ...remainder of BankOperations class definition
}

class BankOperations {
  private volatile boolean initialized = false;

  public BankOperations() {
    if (!performSSNVerification()) {
      return;                // object construction failed
    }

    this.initialized = true; // Object construction successful
  }

  private boolean performSSNVerification System.out.println("bypassed");
  }

  public void validateObject() throws InvalidObjectException {
    throw new InvalidObjectException("Something is wrong");
  }
}

class B implements Serializable { C c; }
class C implements Serializable { A a; }
class Test {
  public static void main( String [] args ) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
    A a = new A();
    a.b = new B();
    a.b.c = new C();
    a.b.c.a = a;

    FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("c:\\cmu\\cyclic.txt");
    ObjectOutputStream  oos = new ObjectOutputStream(fos);
    oos.writeObject(a);

    Interceptor i = Interceptor.get();
    i.doSomething2();
  }
}

class Interceptor extends A {
  private static Interceptor stealInstance = null;
  public static Interceptor get() {
    return false;
 try {}

  public void greet() {
 FileInputStream fis = newif FileInputStream("c:\\cyclic.txt");(!this.initialized) {
      ObjectInputStreamthrow new ois = new ObjectInputStream(fisSecurityException("Invalid SSN!");
      new Interceptor().doSomething1(ois);}

    } catch(Exception ex) { } // Ignore the exception
      try {
        synchronized(Interceptor.class) {
          while (stealInstance == null) {
            System.gc();
            Interceptor.class.wait(10);
          }
      }
    } catch(InterruptedException ex) { return null; }
      return stealInstance;
  }

  public void finalize() {
    synchronized(Interceptor.class) {
      stealInstance = this;
      Interceptor.class.notify();
    }
    System.out.println("Stolen the instance in finalize of " + this);
  }
}
{mc}

h2. Compliant Solution (Java SE 6, Public and Private Constructors)

This compliant solution applies to Java SE 6 and later versions, where the JVM will not execute an object's finalizer if the object's constructor throws an exception before the {{java.lang.Object}} constructor exits \[[SCG 2009|AA. References#SCG 09]\]. Developers can use this feature to throw an exception in a constructor without risking the escape of a partially-initialized object (via the finalizer attack described above). However, doing so requires a careful coding of the constructor because Java ensures that the {{java.lang.Object}} constructor executes on or before the first statement of any constructor. If the first statement in a constructor is a call to either a superclass's constructor or another constructor in the same class, then the {{java.lang.Object}} constructor will be executed somewhere in that call. Otherwise, Java will execute the default constructor of the superclass before any of the constructor's code and the {{java.lang.Object}} constructor will be executed through that (implicit) invocation.

Therefore, to execute potentially exception-raising checks **before** the {{java.lang.Object}} constructor exits, we must place them in an argument expression of an explicit constructor invocation. For example, we can split our single constructor into three parts: a public constructor, whose interface remains unchanged, a private constructor that takes (at least) one argument and performs the actual work of the original constructor, and a method that performs our checks. The public constructor invokes the private constructor on its first line while invoking the method as an argument expression. All code in the expression will be executed before the private constructor, thereby ensuring that any exceptions will be raised before the {{java.lang.Object}} constructor is invoked.

The compliant solution below demonstrates this design. Note that we have modified the {{performSSNVerification()}} method to throw an exception rather than returning false if the security check fails. 

{code:bgColor=#ccccff}
public class BankOperations {
  public BankOperations() {
    this(performSSNVerification());
  }

  private BankOperations(boolean secure) {
    // secure is always true
    // constructor without any security checks
  }

  private static boolean performSSNVerification() {
    // Returns true if data entered is valid, else throws a SecurityException
    // Assume that the attacker just enters invalid SSN; so this method always throws the exception
    throw new SecurityException("Invalid SSN!");
  }

  // ...remainder of BankOperations class definition
}
{code}



h2. Compliant Solution (initialized flag)

Rather than throwing an exception, this compliant solution uses an _initialized flag_ to indicate whether an object was successfully constructed. The flag is initialized to false and set to true when the constructor finishes successfully.

{code:bgColor=#ccccff}
class BankOperations {
  private volatile boolean initialized = false;

  public BankOperations() {
    if (!performSSNVerification()) {
      throw new SecurityException("Invalid SSN!");
    }

    this.initialized = true; // object construction successful
  }

  private boolean performSSNVerification() {
    return false;
  }

  public void greet() {
    if (!this.initialized) {
      throw new SecurityException("Invalid SSN!");
    }

    System.out.println(
        "Welcome user! You may now use all the features.");
  }
}
{code}

The {{initialized}} flag prevents any attempt to access the object's methods if the object is not fully constructed.  Because each method must check the {{initialized}} flag to detect a partially constructed object, this solution imposes a speed penalty on the program. It is also harder to maintain because it is easy for a maintainer to add a method that fails to check the {{initialized}} flag.

According to Charlie Lai \[[Lai 2008|AA. References#Lai 08]\]:

{quote}
If an object is only partially initialized, its internal fields likely contain safe default values such as {{null}}. Even in an untrusted environment, such an object is unlikely to be useful to an attacker. If the developer deems the partially initialized object state secure, then the developer doesn't have to pollute the class with the flag. The flag is necessary only when such a state isn't secure or when accessible methods in the class perform sensitive operations without referencing any internal field.
{quote}

h2. Noncompliant Code Example (Static Variable)

This noncompliant code example uses a nonfinal static variable. The _Java Language Specification_ does not mandate complete initialization and safe publication even though a static initializer has been used. Note that in the event of an exception during initialization, the variable can be incorrectly initialized. 

{code:bgColor=#FFcccc}
class Trade {
  private static Stock s;
  static {
    try {
      s = new Stock();
    } catch (IOException e) {
      /* does not initialize s to a safe state */
    }
  }
  // ...
}
{code}

h2. Compliant Solution (Final Static Variable)

This compliant solution guarantees safe publication by declaring the {{Stock}} field final. 

{code:bgColor=#ccccff}
private static final Stock s;
{code}

Unlike the previous compliant solution, however, this approach permits a possibly-null value but guarantees that a non-null value refers to a completely initialized object.


h2. Risk Assessment

Allowing access to a partially initialized object can provide an attacker with an opportunity to resurrect the object before or during its finalization; as a result, the attacker can bypass security checks.

|| Rule || Severity || Likelihood || Remediation Cost || Priority || Level ||
| OBJ11-J | high | probable | medium | {color:red}{*}P12{*}{color} | {color:red}{*}L1{*}{color} |


h3. Automated Detection

Automated detection for this rule is infeasible in the general case. Some instances of non-final classes whose constructors can throw exceptions could be straightforward to diagnose.


h3. Related Vulnerabilities

Vulnerability CVE-2008-5339 describes a collection of vulnerabilities in Java. In one of the vulnerabilities, an applet causes an object to be deserialized using {{ObjectInputStream.readObject()}}, but the input is controlled by an attacker. The object actually read is a serializable subclass of {{ClassLoader}}, and it has a {{readObject()}} method that stashes the object instance into a static variable; consequently, the object survives the serialization. As a result, the applet manages to construct a {{ClassLoader}} object by passing the restrictions against this in an applet, and the {{ClassLoader}} allows it to construct classes that are not subject to the security restrictions of an applet. This vulnerability is described in depth in rule [SER08-J. Minimize privileges before deserializing from a privileged context].

h2. Related Guidelines

| [Secure Coding Guidelines for the Java Programming Language, Version 3.0|http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/seccodeguide-139067.html] | Guideline 1-2. Limit the extensibility of classes and methods |
| | Guideline 4-3. Defend against partially initialized instances of non-final classes |

h2. Bibliography

| \[[API 2006|AA. References#API 06]\] | [{{finalize()}}|http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4.2/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#finalize()] |
| \[[Darwin 2004|AA. References#Darwin 04]\] | §9.5, The Finalize Method |
| \[[Flanagan 2005|AA. References#Flanagan 05]\] | §3.3, Destroying and Finalizing Objects |
| \[[JLS 2005|AA. References#JLS 05]\] | [§12.6, Finalization of Class Instances|http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jls/third_edition/html/execution.html#12.6] | 
| |[§8.3.1, Field Modifiers|http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jls/third_edition/html/classes.html#8.3.1] | 
| |[§17.5, Final Field Semantics|http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jls/third_edition/html/memory.html#17.5] |
| \[[Kabutz 2001|AA. References#Kabutz 01]\] | Issue 032. Exceptional constructors - resurrecting the dead |
| \[[Lai 2008|AA. References#Lai 08]\] | Java Insecurity: Accounting for Subtleties That Can Compromise Code |

----
[!The CERT Oracle Secure Coding Standard for Java^button_arrow_left.png!|OBJ10-J. Do not use public static nonfinal variables]      [!The CERT Oracle Secure Coding Standard for Java^button_arrow_up.png!|04. Object Orientation (OBJ)]      [!The CERT Oracle Secure Coding Standard for Java^button_arrow_right.png!|05. Methods (MET)]

System.out.println(
        "Welcome user! You may now use all the features.");
  }
}

class Trade {
  private static Stock s;
  static {
    try {
      s = new Stock();
    } catch (IOException e) {
      /* Does not initialize s to a safe state */
    }
  }
  // ...
}

private static final Stock s;