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• There is no fixed time at which finalizers must be executed because this time of execution depends on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). The only guarantee is that any finalizer method that executes will do so sometime after the associated object has become unreachable (detected during the first cycle of garbage collection) and sometime before the garbage collector reclaims the associated object's storage (during the garbage collector's second cycle). Execution of an object's finalizer may be delayed for an arbitrarily long time after the object becomes unreachable. Consequently, invoking time-critical functionality such as closing file handles in an object's finalize() method is problematic.

• The JVM may terminate without invoking the finalizer on some or all unreachable objects. Consequently, attempts to update critical persistent state from finalizer methods can fail without warning. Similarly, Java lacks any guarantee that finalizers will execute on process termination. Methods such as System.gc(), System.runFinalization(), System.runFinalizersOnExit(), and Runtime.runFinalizersOnExit() either lack such guarantees or have been deprecated because of lack of safety and potential for deadlock.

• According to the The Java Language Specification (JLS), §12.6.2, "Finalizer Invocations are Not OrderedFinalization of Class Instances" [JLS 20052015]:

  The Java programming language imposes no ordering on finalize() method calls. Finalizers [of different objects] may be called in any order, or even concurrently.

  One consequence is that slow-running finalizers can delay execution of other finalizers in the queue. Further, the lack of guaranteed ordering can lead to substantial difficulty in maintaining desired program invariants.

• Uncaught exceptions thrown during finalization are ignored. When an exception thrown in a finalizer propagates beyond the finalize() method, the process itself immediately stops and consequently fails to accomplish its sole purpose. This termination of the finalization process may or may not prevent all subsequent finalization from executing. The Java Language Specification fails JLS fails to define this behavior, leaving it to the individual implementations.

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• Garbage collection usually depends on memory availability and usage rather than on the scarcity of some other particular resource. Consequently, when memory is readily available, a scarce resource may be exhausted in spite of the presence of a finalizer that could release the scarce resource if it were executed. See rules FIO04-J. Release resources when they are no longer needed and TPS00-J. Use thread pools to enable graceful degradation of service during traffic bursts for more details on handling scarce resources correctly.

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• Use of finalizers can introduce synchronization issues even when the remainder of the program is single-threaded. The finalize() methods are invoked by the garbage collector from one or more threads of its choice; these threads are typically distinct from the main() thread, although this property is not guaranteed. When a finalizer is necessary, any required cleanup data structures must be protected from concurrent access. See the JavaOne presentation by Hans J. Boehm [Boehm 2005] for additional information.

• Use of locks or other synchronization-based mechanisms within a finalizer can cause deadlock or starvation. This possibility arises because neither the invocation order nor the specific executing thread or threads for finalizers can be guaranteed or controlled.

Object finalizers have also been deprecated since Java 9. See MET02-J. Do not use deprecated or obsolete classes or methods for more information.

Because of these problems, finalizers must not be used in new classes.

Noncompliant Code Example (Superclass's finalizer)

Superclasses that use finalizers impose additional constraints on their extending classes. Consider an example from JDK 1.5 and earlier. The following noncompliant code example allocates a 16 MB buffer used to back a Swing JFrame object. Although the JFrame APIs lack finalize() methods, JFrame extends AWT.Frame, which does have a finalize() method. When a MyFrame object becomes unreachable, the garbage collector cannot reclaim the storage for the byte buffer because code in the inherited finalize() method might refer to it. Consequently, the byte buffer must persist at least until the inherited finalize() method for class MyFrame completes its execution and cannot be reclaimed until the following garbage-collection cycle.

class MyFrame extends JFrame {
  private byte[] buffer = new byte[16 * 1024 * 1024];
  // persistsPersists for at least two GC cycles
}

Compliant Solution (Superclass's finalizer)

When a superclass defines a finalize() method, make sure to decouple the objects that can be immediately garbage collected from those that must depend on the finalizer. This compliant solution ensures that the buffer can be reclaimed as soon as the object becomes unreachable.

class MyFrame {
  private JFrame frame;
  private byte[] buffer = new byte[16 * 1024 * 1024]; // nowNow decoupled
}

Noncompliant Code Example (System.runFinalizersOnExit())

This noncompliant code example uses the System.runFinalizersOnExit() method to simulate a garbage-collection run. Note that this method is deprecated because of thread-safety issues; see rule MET02-J. Do not use deprecated or obsolete classes or methods.

According to the Java API [API 20062014] class System, runFinalizersOnExit() method documentation,

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The class SubClass overrides the protected finalize() method and performs cleanup activities. Subsequently, it calls super.finalize() to make sure its superclass is also finalized. The unsuspecting BaseClass calls the doLogic() method, which happens to be overridden in the SubClass. This resurrects a reference to SubClass that not only prevents it from being garbage-collected but also prevents it from calling its finalizer to close new resources that may have been allocated by the called method. As detailed in rule MET05-J. Ensure that constructors do not call overridable methods, if the subclass's finalizer has terminated key resources, invoking its methods from the superclass might result in the observation of an object in an inconsistent state. In some cases, this can result in NullPointerException.

class BaseClass {
  protected void finalize() throws Throwable {
    System.out.println("Superclass finalize!");
    doLogic();
  }

  public void doLogic() throws Throwable {
    System.out.println("This is super-class!");
  }
}

class SubClass extends BaseClass {
  private Date d; // mutableMutable instance field

  protected SubClass() {
    d = new Date();
  }

  protected void finalize() throws Throwable {
    System.out.println("Subclass finalize!");
    try {
      //  cleanupCleanup resources
      d = null;
    } finally {
      super.finalize();  // Call BaseClass's finalizer
    }
  }

  public void doLogic() throws Throwable {
    // anyAny resource allocations made here will persist

    // inconsistentInconsistent object state
    System.out.println(
        "This is sub-class! The date object is: " + d);
    // 'd' is already null
  }
}

public class BadUse {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    try {
      BaseClass bc = new SubClass();
      // Artificially simulate finalization (do not do this)
      System.runFinalizersOnExit(true);
    } catch (Throwable t) {
      // Handle error
    }
  }
}

This code outputs:

Subclass finalize!
Superclass finalize!
This is sub-class! The date object is: null

Compliant Solution

Joshua Bloch [Bloch 2008] suggests implementing a stop() method explicitly such that it leaves the class in an unusable state beyond its lifetime. A private field within the class can signal whether the class is unusable. All the class methods must check this field prior to operating on the class. This is akin to the "initialized flag" – compliant –compliant solution discussed in rule OBJ11-J. Be wary of letting constructors throw exceptions. As always, a good place to call the termination logic is in the finally block.

Exceptions

MET12-J-EX0: Finalizers may be used when working with native code because the garbage collector cannot reclaim memory used by code written in another language and because the lifetime of the object is often unknown. Again, the native process must not perform any critical jobs that require immediate resource deallocation.

Any subclass that overrides finalize() must explicitly invoke the method for its superclass as well. There is no automatic chaining with finalize. The correct way to handle this is shown below.it is as follows:

protected void finalize() throws Throwable {
  try {
    //...
  } finally {
    super.finalize();
  }
}

A more expensive solution is to declare an anonymous class so that the finalize() method is guaranteed to run for the superclass. This solution is applicable to public nonfinal classes. "The finalizer guardian object forces super.finalize to be called if a subclass overrides finalize() and does not explicitly call super.finalize" [JLS 20052015].

public class Foo {
  // The finalizeGuardian object finalizes the outer Foo object
  private final Object finalizerGuardian = new Object() {
    protected void finalize() throws Throwable {
      // Finalize outer Foo object
    }
  };
  //...
}

The ordering problem can be dangerous when dealing with native code. For example, if object A references object B (either directly or reflectively) and the latter gets finalized first, A's finalizer may end up dereferencing dangling native pointers. To impose an explicit ordering on finalizers, make sure that B remains reachable until A's finalizer has concluded. This can be achieved by adding a reference to B in some global state variable and removing it when A's finalizer executes. An alternative is to use the java.lang.ref references.

MET12-J-EX1: A class may use an empty final finalizer to prevent a finalizer attack, as specified in rule OBJ11-J. Be wary of letting constructors throw exceptions.

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Improper use of finalizers can result in resurrection of garbage-collection-ready objects and result in denial-of-service vulnerabilities.

Automated Detection

Related Vulnerabilities

AXIS2-4163 describes a vulnerability in the finalize() method in the Axis web services framework. The finalizer incorrectly calls super.finalize() before doing its own cleanup. This leads , leading to errors in GlassFish when the garbage collector runs.

Related Guidelines

Bibliography

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