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C defines <, >, <=, and >= to be relational operators, and it defines == and != to be equality operators.

If a for or while statement uses a loop counter, than it is safer to use a relational operator (such as <) to terminate the loop than using to use an inequality equality operator (operator such as !=).

Noncompliant Code Example (Equality Operators)

This noncompliant code example may appear appears to have 5 have five iterations, but in fact, the loop never terminates.:

size_t i;
for (i = 1; i != 10; i += 2) {
  /* ... */
}

Compliant Solution (Relational

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Operators)

Using the relational operator <= instead of an equality operator guarantees loop termination.:

size_t i;
for (i = 1; i <= 10; i += 2 ) {
  /* ... */
}

Noncompliant Code Example (Equality Operators)

It is also important to ensure termination of loops where the start and end values are variables that might not be properly ordered. The following function assumes that begin < end; if this is not the case, the loop will never terminate.:

void f(size_t begin, size_t end) {
  size_t i;
  for (i = begin; i != end; ++i) {
    /* ... */
  }
}

Compliant Solution (Relational

...

Operators)

Again, using a relational operator instead of equivalence guarantees loop termination. If begin >= end, the loop never executes its body.

void f(size_t begin, size_t end) {
  size_t i;
  for (i = begin; i < end; ++i) {
    /* ... */
  }
}

Noncompliant Code Example (Boundary Conditions)

Numerical comparison operators do not always ensure loop termination when comparing against the minimum or maximum representable value of a type, such as SIZE_MAX:

void f(size_t begin, size_t step) {
  size_t i;
  for (i = begin; i <= SIZE_MAX; i += step) {
    /* ... */
  }
}

Compliant Solution (Boundary Conditions)

A compliant solution is to compare against the difference between the maximum representable value of a type and the increment.:

void f(size_t begin, size_t step) {
  if (0 < step) {
    intsize_t i;
    for (i = begin; i <= INTSIZE_MAX - step; i += step) {
      /* ... */
    }
  }
}

Exceptions

MSC21-C-EX1: If the loop counter is incremented by one by 1 on each iteration, and it is known that the starting value of a loop is less than or equal to the ending value, then an equality operator may be used to terminate the loop. Likewise, if the loop counter is decremented by one by 1 on each iteration, and it is known that the starting value of the loop is greater than or equal to the ending value, then an equality operator may be used to terminate the loop.

size_t i;
for (i = 1; i =!= 5; ++i) {
  /* ... */
}

Risk Assessment

Testing for exact values runs the risk of a loop terminating much longer than expected , or never terminating at all.

Automated Detection

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Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

Other Languages

Related Guidelines

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Bibliography

\[[MISRA 04|AA. Bibliography#MISRA 04]\]

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