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A signal handler should not reassert its desire to handle its own signal. This is often done on non-persistent platforms, that is, when a signal handler receives a signal that is bound to a handler, these platforms unbind the signal to default behavior before calling the handler. nonpersistent platforms—that is, platforms that, upon receiving a signal, reset the handler for the signal to SIG_DFL before calling the bound signal handler. Calling signal() under these conditions presents a race condition. (See SIG01-C. Understand implementation-specific details regarding signal handler persistence.)

A signal handler may only call signal() only if it does not need to be asynchronous-safe (in other wordsthat is, if all relevant signals are masked , and consequently it may not so that the handler cannot be interrupted).)

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Noncompliant Code Example

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In the following non-compliant code, the signal handler handler() is bound to signum.

void handler(int signum) {
  signal(signum, handler);
  /* handle signal */
}
/* ... */
signal(signum, handler);

(POSIX)

On nonpersistent platforms, this noncompliant code example Unfortunately this solution contains a race window, starting when the host environment resets the signal and ending when the handler calls signal(). During that time, a second signal sent to the program will trigger the default signal behavior, thereby consequently defeating the persistent behavior implied by the call to signal() from within the handler to reassert the binding.

If the environment is persistent (that is, it does not reset the handler when the signal is received), the signal() call from within the handler's signal() function is redundant.

#include <signal.h>
 
void handler(int signum) {
  if (signal(signum, handler) == SIG_ERR) {
    /* Handle error */
  }
  /* Handle signal */
}
 
void func(void) {
  if (signal(SIGUSR1, handler) == SIG_ERR) {
    /* Handle error */
  }
}

Compliant Solution

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(POSIX)

Calling For persistent platforms, calling the signal() function from within the signal handler to reassert the binding is unnecessary .for persistent platforms, as in this compliant solution:

#include <signal.h>
 
void handler(int signum) {
  /* handleHandle signal */
}
/* ... */
signal(signum, handler);
 
void func(void) {
  if (signal(SIGUSR1, handler) == SIG_ERR) {
    /* Handle error */
  }
}

Compliant Solution (POSIX)

POSIX defines the sigaction() function, which assigns handlers to signals like in a similar manner to signal() but also allows the caller to explicitly set persistence. Consequently, the sigaction() function can be used to eliminate the race window on non-persistent OSs.nonpersistent platforms, as in this compliant solution:

#include <signal.h>
#include <stddef.h>
 
void handler(int signum) {
  /* handleHandle signal */
}
/* ... */
/* Equivalent to signal( signum, handler);
   but make signal persistent */

void func(void) {
  struct sigaction act;
  act.sa_handler = handler;
  act.sa_flags = 0;
  if (sigemptyset( &act.sa_mask) != 0) {
    /* handleHandle error */
  }
  if (sigaction(signumSIGUSR1, &act, NULL) != 0) {
    /* handleHandle error */
  }
}

While Although the handler in this example does not call signal(), it could do so safely can because the signal is masked and so the handler cannot be interrupted. If the same handler is installed for more than one signal number, it would be necessary to mask the signals explicitly must be masked explicitly in act.sa_mask to ensure that the handler cannot be interrupted , because the system masks only masks the signal being delivered.

POSIX recommends that new applications should use sigaction() and deprecates rather than signal(). Unfortunately, The sigaction() function is not C99-compliant defined by the C Standard and is not supported on some platforms, including Windows.

Compliant Solution (Windows)

There is no safe way to implement persistent signal-handler behavior on Windows platforms, and it should not be attempted. If a design depends on this behavior, and the design cannot be altered, it may be necessary to claim a deviation from this rule after completing an appropriate risk analysis.

The reason for this is that Windows is a nonpersistent platform as discussed above.  Just before calling the current handler function, Windows resets the handler for the next occurrence of the same signal to SIG_DFL. If the handler calls signal() to reinstall itself, there is still a race window. A signal might occur between the start of the handler and the call to signal(), which would invoke the default behavior instead of the desired handler.

Exceptions

SIG34-C-EX1: On a machine For implementations with persistent signal handlers, it is safe for a handler to modify the behavior for of its own signal. This would Behavior modifications include having ignoring the signal be ignored, reset resetting to the default behavior, or and having the signal handled by a different handler. A handler assigning itself to its own signal is also safe, as it is a no-op. The handler is impervious to a race condition because multiple invocations of its signal will merely cause it to "interrupt itself" until it manages to reassign its signalreasserting its binding is also safe but unnecessary.

The following code example resets a signal handler to the system's default behavior.:

#include <signal.h>
 
void handler(int signum) {
#ifndef WINDOWS#if !defined(_WIN32)
  if (signal(signum, SIG_DFL);
#endif
) == SIG_ERR) {
    /* handleHandle signalerror */
  }
#endif
  /* Handle ...signal */
}
 
void func(void) {
  if (signal(signumSIGUSR1, handler);

Not all systems have persistent signal handlers (see SIG01-A. Understand implementation-specific details regarding signal handler persistence).

) == SIG_ERR) {
    /* Handle error */
  }
}

Risk Assessment

Two signals in quick succession can trigger the a race condition on non-persistent nonpersistent platforms, causing the signal's default behavior despite a handler's attempt to override it.

Automated Detection

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

References

\[[ISO/IEC 9899-1999TR2|AA. C References#ISO/IEC 9899-1999]\] Section 7.14.1.1, "The {{signal}} function"

Related Guidelines

Key here (explains table format and definitions)

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Image Added Image Added Image AddedSIG33-C. Do not recursively invoke the raise() function      11. Signals (SIG)       12. Error Handling (ERR)