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Make sure that included header file names are unique. According to the C Standard, subclause 6.10.2, paragraph 5 [ISO/IEC 9899:2011],

The implementation shall provide unique mappings for sequences consisting of one or more nondigits or digits (6.4.2.1) followed by a period (.) and a single nondigit. The first character shall not be a digit. The implementation may ignore distinctions of alphabetical case and restrict the mapping to eight significant characters before the period.

This means that

• Only the

The C99 standard makes the following statements about parsing header files:

• The first eight characters in the filename file name are guaranteed to be significant.
• The file has only has one nondigit character after the period in the filenamefile name.
• The case of the characters in the filename file name is not necessarily guaranteed to be significant.

To guarantee that header filenames file names are unique, all included files should differ (in a case-insensitive manner) in their first eight characters or in their (one-character) file extension.

Non-Compliant Code Example

Note that compliance with this recommendation does not require that short file names are used, only that the file names are unique.

Noncompliant Code Example

This noncompliant code example The following non-compliant code contains references to headers that may exist independently on a specific architecture, in various environments but can be ambiguously interpreted by a C99 C-compliant compiler.:

#include "Library.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "library.h"

#include "utilities_math.h"
#include "utilities_physics.h"

#include "my_library.h"

/* Rest of program ... */

Library.h and library.h may refer to the same file. Also, because only the first eight characters are guaranteed to be significant, it is unclear whether utilities_math.h and utilities_physics.h are parsed. Finally, if a file such as my_libraryOLD.h exists, it may inadvertently be included instead of my_library.h.

Compliant Solution

This compliant solution avoids the ambiguity by renaming the associated files to be unique under the above the preceding constraints.:

#include "Lib_main.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "lib_2.h"

#include "util_math.h"
#include "util_physics.h"

#include "my_library.h"

/* Rest of program... */

The only solution for mitigating ambiguity of a file, such as my_libraryOLD.h, is to rename old files with either a prefix (that would fall within the first eight characters) or to add an extension (such as my_library.h.old).

Exceptions

PRE08-C-EX1: Although the C Standard requires only the first eight characters in the file name to be significant, most modern systems have long file names, and compilers on such systems can typically differentiate them. Consequently, long file names in headers may be used, provided that all the implementations to which the code is ported can distinguish between these file names.

Risk Assessment

Failing to guarantee uniqueness of header files may result in the inclusion of an older version of a header file, which may include incorrect macro definitions , or obsolete function prototypes , or result in other errors that may or may not be detected by the compiler. Portability issues may also stem from the use of header names that are not guaranteed to be unique.

References

Automated Detection

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

Related Guidelines

Bibliography

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Image Added Image Added Image Added Wiki Markup\[[ISO/IEC 9899-1999|AA. C References#ISO/IEC 9899-1999]\] Section 6.10.2 "Source file inclusion"