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C99 supports The C Standard supports universal character names that may be used in identifiers, character constants, and string literals to designate characters that are not in the basic character set. The universal character name \Unnnnnnnn designates the character whose eight8-digit short identifier (as specified by ISO/IEC 10646) is nnnnnnnn. Similarly, the universal character name \unnnn designates the character whose four4-digit short identifier is nnnn (and whose eight8-digit short identifier is 0000nnnn).

The C Standard, 5.1.1.2, paragraph 4 [ISO/IEC 9899:2024], says

If a character sequence that matches the syntax of a universal character name is produced by token concatenation (6.10.5.3), the behavior is undefined.

See also undefined behavior 3.

In general, avoid universal character names should be avoided in identifiers unless absolutely necessary. The basic character set should suffice for almost every identifier.

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Noncompliant Code Example

This code example is noncompliant because it produces a universal character name by token concatenation.:

#define assign(uc1, uc2, uc3, uc4, val) \
uc1##uc2  uc1##uc2##uc3##uc4 = val;



void func(void) {
  int \U00010401\U00010401\U00010401\U00010402;
u0401;
  /* ... */
  assign(\U00010401u04, \U00010401, \U00010401, \U00010402, 4);
01, 4);
  /* ... */
}

Implementation Details

This code compiles and runs with Microsoft Visual Studio 2013, assigning 4 to the variable as expected.

GCC 4.8.1 on Linux refuses to compile this code; it emits a diagnostic reading, "stray '\' in program," referring to the universal character fragment in the invocation of the assign macro.

Compliant Solution

This code solution is compliant.compliant solution uses a universal character name but does not create it by using token concatenation:

#define assign(ucn, val) ucn = val;


 
void func(void) {
  int \U00010401\U00010401\U00010401\U00010402;
assign(\U00010401\U00010401\U00010401\U00010402u0401;
  /* ... */
  assign(\u0401, 4);
  /* ... */
}

Risk Assessment

Creating a universal character name through token concatenation results in undefined behavior.

Automated Detection

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

References

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Bibliography

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Image Added Image Added Image Added phases," Section 6.4.3, "Universal character names," and Section 6.10.3.3, "The ## operator"PRE10-C      Edit       PRE31-C