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my $filename = # initialize
open(my FILE$FILE, $filename) or croak("file not found");
while (<FILE><$FILE>) {
  print "$file$filename: $_";
};

Although this code clearly expects its file to be opened for reading, the file name might indicate a shell command. It might also indicate a file to be written rather than read.

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my $filename = # initialize
open(my FILE$FILE, "<$filename") or croak("file not found");
while (<FILE><$FILE>) {
  print "$file$filename: $_";
};

If $filename begins or ends with |, the preceding < forces it to be treated as a file name rather than a shell command. This code will not execute a shell command. However, an attacker could cause a program to hang by supplying - as the file name, which is interpreted by open() as reading standard input.

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my $filename = # initialize
open(my FILE$FILE, "<", $filename) or croak("file not found");
while (<FILE><$FILE>) {
  print "$file$filename: $_";
};

The three-argument invocations of open() are not subject to the same vulnerabilities as the two-argument open(). In this code, $filename is treated as a file name even if it contains characters that are treated specially by the two-argument open() function. For example, if $filename is specified as -, then the three-argument open() attempts to open a file named - rather than opening standard input.

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This code causes $file to be treated as a file name regardless of what special characters it might contain.

Note that the last line of this compliant solution still violates FIO00-PL. Do not use bareword file handles.

Risk Assessment

Failure to handle error codes or other values returned by functions can lead to incorrect program flow and violations of data integrity.

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