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Declaring variables as volatile establishes a happens-before relationship such that a Reading a shared primitive variable in one thread may not yield the value of the most recent write to the volatile variable is always seen by a subsequent read. These operations appear to be sequentially consistent with respect to each other, although the code as a whole may not be sequential consistent. Consider two threads that are executing some statements:

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Thread 1 and Thread 2 have a happens-before relationship such that Thread 2 does not start before Thread 1 finishes. This is established by the semantics of volatile accesses. Sequential consistency of volatile accesses provides certain visibility and reordering guarantees:

Visibility

A write to a volatile field happens-before every subsequent read of that field. Statements that occur before the write to the volatile field also happen-before the read of the volatile field.

In the previous example, Statement 3 writes to a volatile variable, and statement 4 in the second thread, reads the same volatile variable. The read sees the most recent write (to the same variable v) from statement 3. This may not be true in the happens-before order because a future read can always see the default or previous value of v instead of the one set in the most recent write. This guarantee is provided by the sequential consistency property of volatile accesses.

Reordering

Volatile read and write operations cannot be reordered with respect to each other and in addition, as required by the JMM, volatile read and write operations are also not reordered with respect to operations on nonvolatile variables. When reading the volatile variable, the other thread will also see statements occurring before the write to the volatile variable to have already executed, with prior occurrences of volatile and nonvolatile fields assuming the assigned values.

In the previous example, statement 4 also sees the statements 1 and 2 to have executed and all their operands with the most-up to date values. However, this does not mean that statements 1 and 2 are sequentially consistent with respect to each other. They may be freely reordered by the compiler. In fact, if statement 1 constituted a read of some variable x, it could see the value of a future write to x in statement 2.

Because the guarantees of code present before the {{volatile}} write are weaker than sequentially consistent code, {{volatile}} as a synchronization primitive, performs better. "Because no locking is involved, declaring fields as {{volatile}} is likely to be cheaper than using synchronization, or at least no more expensive. However, if {{volatile}} fields are accessed frequently inside methods, their use is likely to lead to slower performance than would locking the entire methods." \[[Lea 00|AA. Java References#Lea 00]\].

"Finally, note that the actual execution order of instructions and memory accesses can be in any order as long as the actions of the thread appear to that thread as if program order were followed, and provided all values read are allowed for by the memory model. This allows the programmer to fully understand the semantics of the programs they write, and it allows compiler writers and virtual machine implementors to perform complex optimizations that a simpler memory model would not permit." \[[JPL 06|AA. Java References#JPL 06]\]. 

The possible reorderings between {{volatile}} and nonvolatile variables are summarized in the matrix shown below. The load and store operations correspond to read and write operations that use the variable. \[[Lea 08|AA. Java References#Lea 08]\]

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variable from another thread. Consequently, the thread may observe a stale value of the shared variable. To ensure the visibility of the most recent update, either the variable must be declared volatile or the reads and writes must be synchronized.

Declaring a shared variable volatile guarantees visibility in a thread-safe manner only when both of the following conditions are met:

• A write to a variable is independent from its current value.
• A write to a variable is independent from the result of any nonatomic compound operations involving reads and writes of other variables (see VNA02-J. Ensure that compound operations on shared variables are atomic for more information).

The first condition can be relaxed when you can be sure that only one thread will ever update the value of the variable [Goetz 2006]. However, code that relies on a single-thread confinement is error prone and difficult to maintain. This design approach is permitted under this rule but is discouraged.

Synchronizing the code makes it easier to reason about its behavior and is frequently more secure than simply using the volatile keyword. However, synchronization has somewhat higher performance overhead and can result in thread contention and deadlocks when used excessively.

Declaring a variable volatile or correctly synchronizing the code guarantees that 64-bit primitive long and double variables are accessed atomically. For more information on sharing those variables among multiple threads, see VNA05-J. Ensure atomicity when reading and writing 64-bit values.

Noncompliant Code Example (Non-volatile Flag

...

)

This noncompliant code example uses a shutdown() method to set a non-volatile the nonvolatile done flag that is checked in the run() method. If one thread invokes the shutdown() method to set the flag, it is possible that another thread might not observe this change. Consequently, the second thread may still observe that done is false and incorrectly invoke the sleep() method.:

final class ControlledStop implements Runnable {
  private boolean done = false;
 
  @Override public void run() {
    while (!done) {
      try {
        // ...
        Thread.currentThread().sleep(1000); // Do something
      } catch(InterruptedException ie) { 
        Thread.currentThread().interrupt(); // Reset handleinterrupted exceptionstatus
      } 
    } 	 
  }

  protectedpublic void shutdown() {
    done = true;
  }
}

If one thread invokes the shutdown() method to set the flag, a second thread might not observe that change. Consequently, the second thread might observe that done is still false and incorrectly invoke the sleep() method. Compilers and just-in-time compilers (JITs) are allowed to optimize the code when they determine that the value of done is never modified by the same thread, resulting in an infinite loop.

Compliant Solution (

...

Volatile)

This In this compliant solution qualifies , the done flag as is declared volatile so that updates by one thread are immediately visible to another thread.to ensure that writes are visible to other threads:

final class ControlledStop implements Runnable {
  private volatile boolean done = false;
 
  // ...
}

Noncompliant Code Example (nonvolatile guard)

This noncompliant code example declares a non-volatile int variable that is initialized in the constructor depending on a security check. In a multi-threading scenario, it is possible that the statements will be reordered so that the boolean flag initialized is set to true before the initialization has concluded. If it is possible to obtain a partially initialized instance of the class in a subclass using a finalizer attack (OBJ04-J. Do not allow partially initialized objects to be accessed), a race condition can be exploited by invoking the getBalance() method to obtain the balance even though initialization is still underway.

class BankOperation@Override public void run() {
  private int balance = 0;while (!done) {
  private boolean initialized = false;
try {
  public BankOperation() {
    if (!performAccountVerification()) {// ...
      throw new SecurityException("Invalid Account" Thread.currentThread().sleep(1000); 
// Do something
  }
    balance} = 1000;  catch(InterruptedException ie) { 
    initialized = true; 
  }
  
  private int getBalance() { Thread.currentThread().interrupt(); // Reset interrupted status
    if (initialized == true) {} 
    }  return	 balance;
    }

  public void elseshutdown() {
    done = return -1true;
    }
  }
}

Compliant Solution (

...

AtomicBoolean)

This In this compliant solution declares , the initialized done flag as volatile to ensure that the initialization statements are not reorderedis declared to be of type java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean. Atomic types also guarantee that writes are visible to other threads.

final class ControlledStop BankOperationimplements Runnable {
  private final intAtomicBoolean balancedone = 0new AtomicBoolean(false);
 
 private volatile@Override booleanpublic initializedvoid = false; // Declared volatile
  // ...
}

The use of the volatile keyword is inappropriate for composite operations on shared variables (CON01-J. Design APIs that ensure atomicity of composite operations and visibility of results).

Noncompliant Code Example (visibility)

This noncompliant code example consists of two classes, an immutable ImmutablePoint class and a mutable Holder class. Holder is mutable because a new ImmutablePoint instance can be assigned to it using the setPoint() method. If one thread updates the value of the ipoint field, another thread may still see the reference of the old value.

class Holder {
  ImmutablePoint ipoint;
  
  Holder(ImmutablePoint ip) {
   ipoint = ip;
  }
  
  ImmutablePoint getPoint() {
    return ipoint;
  }

  void setPoint(ImmutablePoint ip) {
    this.ipoint = ip;
  }
}

public class ImmutablePoint {
  final int x;
  final int y;

  public ImmutablePoint(int x, int y) {
    this.x = x;
    this.y = yrun() {
    while (!done.get()) {
      try {
        // ...
        Thread.currentThread().sleep(1000); // Do something
      } catch(InterruptedException ie) { 
        Thread.currentThread().interrupt(); // Reset interrupted status
      } 
    } 	 
  }

  public void shutdown() {
    done.set(true);
  }
}

Compliant Solution (

...

synchronized)

This compliant solution declares the ipoint field as volatile so uses the intrinsic lock of the Class object to ensure that updates are immediately visible to other threads. :

final class HolderControlledStop {
implements  volatile ImmutablePoint ipoint;
  
  Holder(ImmutablePoint ip) Runnable {
  private boolean ipointdone = ipfalse;
  }
  
@Override public ImmutablePointvoid getPointrun() {
    return ipoint; while (!isDone()) {
  }

  void setPoint(ImmutablePoint ip)try {
    this.ipoint  = ip;
  }
}

Note that no synchronization is necessary for the setPoint() method because it operates atomically on immutable data, that is, on an instance of ImmutablePoint.

Declaring immutable fields as volatile enables their safe publication, in that, once published, it is impossible to change the state of the sub-object.

Noncompliant Code Example (partial initialization)

Thread-safe classes (which may not be strictly immutable) must not use nonfinal and nonvolatile fields to ensure that no thread sees any field references before the sub-objects' initialization has concluded. This noncompliant code example does not declare the map field as volatile or final. Consequently, a thread that invokes the get() method may observe the value of field map before initialization has concluded.

public class Container<K,V> {
  Map<K,V> map;

  public synchronized void initialize() {
    if(map == null) {// ...
        Thread.currentThread().sleep(1000); // Do something
      } catch(InterruptedException ie) { 
      map = new HashMap<K,V> Thread.currentThread().interrupt();	 // Reset interrupted      status
      // Fill some useful values into HashMap
    }} 
    } 	 
  }

  public Vsynchronized boolean getisDone(Object k) {
    if(map != null) {return done;
  }

  public synchronized   return map.get(k);
    } else void shutdown() {
    done = return nulltrue;
    }
  }
}

Compliant Solution (proper initialization)

This compliant solution declares the map field as volatile to ensure other threads see an up-to-date HashMap reference.

public class Container<K,V> {
  volatile Map<K,V> map;
  // ...
}

Risk Assessment

Although this compliant solution is acceptable, intrinsic locks cause threads to block and may introduce contention. On the other hand, volatile-qualified shared variables do not block. Excessive synchronization can also make the program prone to deadlock.

Synchronization is a more secure alternative in situations where the volatile keyword or a java.util.concurrent.atomic.Atomic* field is inappropriate, such as when a variable's new value depends on its current value (see VNA02-J. Ensure that compound operations on shared variables are atomic for more information).

Compliance with LCK00-J. Use private final lock objects to synchronize classes that may interact with untrusted code can reduce the likelihood of misuse by ensuring that untrusted callers cannot access the lock object.

Exceptions

VNA00-J-EX0: Class objects are created by the virtual machine; their initialization always precedes any subsequent use. Consequently, cross-thread visibility of Class objects is already assured by default.

Risk Assessment

Failing to ensure the visibility of a shared primitive variable may result in a thread observing a stale value of the variableFailing to use volatile to guarantee visibility of shared values across multiple thread and prevent reordering of statements can result in unpredictable control flow.

Automated Detection

TODO

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation Some static analysis tools are capable of detecting violations of this rule on the CERT website.

References

\[[JLS 05|AA. Java References#JLS 05]\] [Chapter 17, Threads and Locks|http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jls/third_edition/html/memory.html], section 17.4.5 Happens-before Order, section 17.4.3 Programs and Program Order, section 17.4.8 Executions and Causality Requirements
\[[Tutorials 08|AA. Java References#Tutorials 08]\] [Java Concurrency Tutorial|http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/essential/concurrency/index.html]
\[[Lea 00|AA. Java References#Lea 00]\] Sections, 2.2.7 The Java Memory Model, 2.2.5 Deadlock, 2.1.1.1 Objects and locks
\[[Bloch 08|AA. Java References#Bloch 08]\] Item 66: Synchronize access to shared mutable data
\[[Goetz 06|AA. Java References#Goetz 06]\] 3.4.2. "Example: Using Volatile to Publish Immutable Objects"
\[[JPL 06|AA. Java References#JPL 06]\] 14.10.3. "The Happens-Before Relationship"
\[[MITRE 09|AA. Java References#MITRE 09]\] [CWE ID 667|http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/667.html] "Insufficient Locking", [CWE ID 413|http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/413.html] "Insufficient Resource Locking", [CWE ID 366|http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/366.html]  "Race Condition within a Thread", [CWE ID 567|http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/567.html]  "Unsynchronized Access to Shared Data"

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Related Guidelines

Bibliography

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Image Added Image Added Image Added11. Concurrency (CON)      11. Concurrency (CON)      CON02-J. Always synchronize on the appropriate object