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Mutexes are often used for critical resources to prevent multiple threads from accessing them causing a data race by accessing shared resources at the same time. Sometimes, when locking mutexes, deadlock will happen when multiple threads hold each other's lock, and the program consequently comes to a halt. There are four requirements for deadlockdeadlocks. Four conditions are required for deadlock to occur:

Mutual Exclusionexclusion
Hold and Waitwait
No Preemptionpreemption
Circular Waitwait

Deadlock needs Each deadlock requires all four conditions. Therefore, to prevent deadlock, prevent so preventing deadlock requires preventing any one of the four conditions from being satisfied. This guideline recommends locking . One simple solution is to lock the mutexes in a predefined order to prevent , which prevents circular wait.

Noncompliant Code Example

The following code has behavior which is dependent behavior of this noncompliant code example depends on the runtime environment and the platform's scheduler. However, with proper timing, the main() function will deadlock when running thr1 and thr2, where thr1 tries The program is susceptible to deadlock if thread thr1 attempts to lock ba2's mutex , while thr2 tries at the same time thread thr2 attempts to lock on ba1's mutex in the deposit() function, and the program will not progress.

Code Block

bgColor	#ffcccc
lang	c

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <threads.h>
 
typedef struct {
  int balance;
  pthread_mutexmtx_t balance_mutex; 
} bank_account;

typedef struct {
  bank_account *from;
  bank_account *to;
  int amount;
} deposit_thr_argstransaction;

void create_bank_account(bank_account **ba,
                         int initial_amount) {
  int result;
  bank_account *nba = (bank_account *)malloc(
    sizeof(bank_account)
  );
  if (nba == NULL) {
    /* Handle Errorerror */
  }

  nba->balance = initial_amount;
   result = pthread_mutex_if (thrd_success
      != mtx_init(&nba->balance_mutex, NULL);
  if (resultmtx_plain)) {
    /* Handle Errorerror */
  }

  *ba = nba;
}


voidint *deposit(void *ptr) {
  int result;
  deposit_thr_args transaction *args = (deposit_thr_argstransaction *)ptr;

  if ((resultthrd_success != pthread_mutexmtx_lock(&(args->from->balance_mutex))) != 0) {
    /* Handle Errorerror */
  }

  /* notNot enough balance to transfer */
  if (args->from->balance < args->amount) {
    if ((result = pthread_mutexthrd_success
        != mtx_unlock(&(args->from->balance_mutex))) != 0) {
      /* Handle Error error */
    }
    return NULL;-1; /* Indicate error */
  }

  if ((resultthrd_success != pthreadmtx_mutex_lock(&(args->to->balance_mutex))) != 0) {
    /* Handle Errorerror */
  }

  args->from->balance -= args->amount;
  args->to->balance += args->amount;

  if ((result = pthread_mutexthrd_success
      != mtx_unlock(&(args->from->balance_mutex))) != 0) {
    /* Handle Errorerror */
  }

  if ((result = pthread_mutexthrd_success
      != mtx_unlock(&(args->to->balance_mutex))) != 0) {
    /* Handle Errorerror */
  }


  free(ptr);
  return NULL0;
}


int main(void) {

  pthreadthrd_t thr1, thr2;
  inttransaction result*arg1;
  transaction *arg2;
  bank_account *ba1;
  bank_account *ba2;

  create_bank_account(&ba1, 1000);
  create_bank_account(&ba2, 1000);

  deposit_thr_args *arg1 = (transaction *)malloc(sizeof(deposit_thr_argstransaction));
  if (arg1 == NULL) {
    /* Handle Errorerror */
  }
  deposit_thr_args *arg2 = (transaction *)malloc(sizeof(deposit_thr_argstransaction));
  if (arg2 == NULL) {
    /* Handle Errorerror */
  }

  arg1->from = ba1;
  arg1->to = ba2;
  arg1->amount = 100;

  arg2->from = ba2;
  arg2->to = ba1;
  arg2->amount = 100;

  /* performPerform the deposits */
  if ((result thrd_success
     != pthreadthrd_create(&thr1, NULL, deposit, (void *)arg1)) != 0) {
    /* Handle Errorerror */
  }
  if ((result thrd_success
      != pthreadthrd_create(&thr2, NULL, deposit, (void *)arg2)) != 0) {
    /* Handle Errorerror */
  }

  pthread_exit(NULL);
  return 0;
}

Compliant Solution

The This compliant solution to the deadlock problem is to use eliminates the circular wait condition by establishing a predefined order for the locks locking in the deposit() function. In the following compliant solution, each Each thread will lock based on the id of lock on the basis of the bank_account id defined in the struct initialization. This prevents the circular wait problem ID, which is set when the bank_account struct is initialized.

Code Block

bgColor	#ccccff
lang	c

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <threads.h>
 
typedef struct {
  int balance;
  pthread_mutexmtx_t balance_mutex;
 
  /* Should not change after initialization */
  unsigned int id; /* should never be changed after initialized */
} bank_account
} bank_account;

typedef struct {
  bank_account *from;
  bank_account *to;
  int amount;
} transaction;

unsigned int global_id = 1;

void create_bank_account(bank_account **ba,
                         int initial_amount) {
  int result;
  bank_account *nba = (bank_account *)malloc(
    sizeof(bank_account)
  );
  if (nba == NULL) {
    /* Handle Errorerror */
  }

  nba->balance = initial_amount;
  result = pthread_mutex if (thrd_success
      != mtx_init(&nba->balance_mutex, NULL);
  if (result != 0mtx_plain)) {
    /* Handle Errorerror */
  }

  nba->id = global_id++;
  *ba = nba;
}


voidint *deposit(void *ptr) {
  deposit_thr_argstransaction *args = (deposit_thr_argstransaction *)ptr;
  int result = -1;
  mtx_t *first;
  mtx_t *second;

  if (args->from->id == args->to->id) 
		return;{
    return -1; /* Indicate error */
  }

  /* ensureEnsure proper ordering for locking */
  if (args->from->id < args->to->id) {
    if ((resultfirst = pthread_mutex_lock(&(args->from->balance_mutex))) != 0) {;
    second  /* Handle Error */= &args->to->balance_mutex;
  } else }{
    if ((resultfirst = pthread_mutex_lock(&(args->to->balance_mutex))) != 0) {;
    second  /* Handle Error */= &args->from->balance_mutex;
    }
  } else {
    if ((resultthrd_success != pthread_mutexmtx_lock(&(args->to->balance_mutexfirst))) != 0) {
      /* Handle Errorerror */
    }
    if ((resultthrd_success != pthread_mutexmtx_lock(&(args->from->balance_mutexsecond))) != 0) {
      /* Handle Errorerror */
    }
  }

  /* notNot enough balance to transfer */
  if (args->from->balance <>= args->amount) {
    if ((result = pthread_mutex_unlock(&(args->from->balance_mutex))) != 0) {
      /* Handle Error */
    }
 -= args->amount;
   if ((result = pthread_mutex_unlock(&(args->to->balance_mutex))) != 0) {
      /* Handle Error */
    }
    return+= args->amount;
  }

  args->from->balanceresult -= args->amount0;
  args->to->balance += args->amount;}

  if ((resultthrd_success != pthreadmtx_mutex_unlock(&(args->from->balance_mutexsecond))) != 0) {
    /* Handle Errorerror */
  }
  if ((resultthrd_success != pthread_mutexmtx_unlock(&(args->to->balance_mutex))) != 0first)) {
    /* Handle Errorerror */
  }


  free(ptr);
  return result;
}

Risk Assessment

Deadlock causes prevents multiple threads to become unable to progress, thus halting the executing program. This is a potential from progressing, halting program execution. A denial-of-service attack because is possible if the attacker can force deadlock situations. It is likely for deadlock to occur in multithreaded programs that manage multiple shared resources. create the conditions for deadlock.

Rule

Recommendation

	Severity	Likelihood	Remediation Cost	Priority	Level

Priority

CON35-C

Low

low

Probable

probable

Medium

medium

L3

P3

Related Guidelines

P4

L3

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

Automated Detection

Tool

Version

Checker

Description

Astrée

Include Page

	Astrée_V
	Astrée_V

deadlock

Supported by sound analysis (deadlock alarm)

CodeSonar

Include Page

	CodeSonar_V
	CodeSonar_V

CONCURRENCY.LOCK.ORDER

Conflicting lock order

Coverity

Include Page

	Coverity_V
	Coverity_V

ORDER_REVERSAL

Fully implemented

Cppcheck Premium

Include Page

	Cppcheck Premium_V
	Cppcheck Premium_V

premium-cert-con35-c

Partially implemented

Helix QAC

Include Page

	Helix QAC_V
	Helix QAC_V

C1772, C1773

Klocwork

Include Page

	Klocwork_V
	Klocwork_V

CONC.DL
CONC.NO_UNLOCK

Parasoft C/C++test

Include Page

	Parasoft_V
	Parasoft_V

CERT_C-CON35-a

Do not acquire locks in different order

PC-lint Plus

Include Page

	PC-lint Plus_V
	PC-lint Plus_V

2462

Fully supported

Polyspace Bug Finder

Include Page

	Polyspace Bug Finder_V
	Polyspace Bug Finder_V

CERT C: Rule CON35-C

Checks for deadlock (rule partially covered)

Related Guidelines

Key here (explains table format and definitions)

...

Taxonomy	Taxonomy item	Relationship

CERT Oracle Secure Coding Standard for Java

...

LCK07-J. Avoid deadlock by requesting and releasing locks in the same order

MITRE CWE: CWE-764] Multiple Locks of Critical Resources

Bibliography

Wiki Markup
\[[pthread_mutex \| https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/pthreads/#Mutexes]\] pthread_mutex tutorial \[[Bryant 2003\|AA. Bibliography#Bryant 03]\] Chapter 13, Concurrent Programming

Prior to 2018-01-12: CERT: Unspecified Relationship

...

Image Added Image Added Image Added Image Removed 14. Concurrency (CON) 49. Miscellaneous (MSC)

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Noncompliant Code Example

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Risk Assessment

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Automated Detection

Related Guidelines

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