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Traditionally, C arrays are declared with an index that is either a fixed constant , or empty. An array with a fixed constant index indicates to the compiler how much space to reserve for the array. An array declaration with an empty index is considered an incomplete type , and indicates that the variable indicates references a pointer to an array of indeterminite indeterminate size.

The C standard, since 1999 has permitted array term conformant array parameter comes from Pascal; it refers to a function argument that is an array whose size is specified in the function declaration. Since C99, C has supported conformant array parameters by permitting array parameter declarations to use extended syntax. The most well-known extension is for variable-length arrays (VLAs). In this case, the array index is a variable, and the size of the array is determined at run-time, rather than compile-time.Section Subclause 6.7.6.12, paragraph 1, of C11 [ISO/IEC 9899:2011] summarizes the array index syntax extensions:

In addition to optional type qualifiers and the keyword static, the The [ and ] may delimit
an delimit an expression or *. If they delimit an expression (which specifies the size of an array), the
the  expression shall have an integer type. If the expression is a constant expression, it shall
have  have a value greater than zero. The element type shall not be an incomplete or function
type. The optional type qualifiers and the keyword static shall appear only in a
declaration of a function parameter with an array type, and then only in the outermost
array type derivation.

Consequently, an array declaration that serves as a function argument may have an index that is a variable or an expression. This does not indicate that the argument indicates a VLA, as the The array argument is demoted to a pointer . But it and is consequently not a variable length array (VLA). Conformant array parameters can be used by developers to indicate the expected bounds of the array. This information may be used by compilers, or it may be ignored. But However, such declarations are useful to other developers as because they serve to document relationships between array sizes and other relevant variables. Furthermore, the pointers. This information can also be used by static analysis tools to diagnose potential defects.

int f(size_t n, int a[n]);  //* documentsDocuments a relationship between n and a */

Standard Examples

Section Subclause 6.7.6.3 of C11 the C Standard [ISO/IEC 9899:2011] has several examples of conformant array parameters. Example 4 (paragraph 20) illustrates a variably modified parameter:

void addscalar(int n, int m,
               double a[n][n*m+300], double x);

int main(void)
{
  double b[4][308];
  addscalar(4, 2, b, 2.17);
  return 0;
}

void addscalar(int n, int m,
               double a[n][n*m+300], double x)
{
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
  for (int j = 0, k = n*m+300; j < k; j++)
    //* a is a pointer to a VLA with n*m+300 elements */
    a[i][j] += x;
}

Example 5 4 illustrates a set of compatible function prototype declarators

double maximum(int n, int m, double a[n][m]);
double maximum(int n, int m, double a[*][*]);
double maximum(int n, int m, double a[ ][*]);
double maximum(int n, int m, double a[ ][m]);

These prototype declarators are also compatible:

void f(double (* restrict) a)[5]);
void f(double a[restrict][5]);
void f(double a[restrict 3][5]);
void f(double a[restrict static 3][5]);

C11 concludes with the following note regarding example 5:

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Noncompliant Code Example

This code example provides a function that wraps a call to the standard memset() function , and has a similar set of arguments. However, while although this function clearly intends that p point to an array of at least n chars, this invariant is not explicitly documented.

void my_memset(char* p, size_t n, char v) 
{
  memset( p, v, n);
}

Noncompliant Code Example

This noncompliant code example attempts to document the relationship between the pointer and the size using conformant array parameters. However, the variable n is used as the index of the array declaration before n is itself declared. Consequently, this code example is not standards-compliant , and will usually fail to compile.

void my_memset(char p[n], size_t n, char v) 
{
  memset( p, v, n);
}

Compliant Solution (GCC)

This compliant solution declares uses a GNU extension to forward declare the size_t variable n before using it in the subsequent array declaration. Consequently, this code allows the existing parameter order to be retained and successfully documents the relationship between the array parameter and the size parameter.

void my_memset(size_t n; char p[n], size_t n, char v)
{
  memset(p, v, n);
}

Compliant Solution (API change)

This compliant solution changes the function's API by moving the size_t variable n to before the subsequent array declaration. Consequently, this code complies with the C99 standard and successfully documents the relationship between the array parameter and the size parameter, but requires all callers to be updated.

void my_memset(size_t n, char p[n], char v) 
{
  memset( p, v, n);
}

Exceptions

API05-C-EX0: The extended array syntax is not supported by C++, or platforms that do not support C99, such as MSVC. Consequently, C programs that must support such platforms, including Windows, need not use conformant array parameters. One option for portable code that must support such platforms is to use macros:

#include <stddef.h>
  
#if !defined(__STDC_VERSION__) || __STDC_VERSION__ < 199901L || defined(__STDC_NO_VLA__)
#define N(x)
#else
#define N(x)  (x)
#endif
  
int f(size_t n, int a[N(n)]);

Risk Assessment

Failing to specify conformant array dimensions increases the likelihood that another developer will invoke the function with out-of-range integers, which could cause an out-of-bounds memory read or write.

Bibliography

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[ISO/IEC 9899:2011]

Subclause 6.7.6.2, "Array Declarators" Subclause 6.7.6.3, "Function Declarators (Including Prototypes)"

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