A pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) is a deterministic algorithm capable of generating sequences of numbers that approximate the properties of random numbers. Each sequence is completely determined by the initial state of the PRNG and the algorithm for changing the state. Most PRNGs make it possible to set the initial state, also called the seed state. Setting the initial state is called seeding the PRNG.

Calling a PRNG in the same initial state, either without seeding it explicitly or by seeding it with a constant value, results Calling rand() function several times to produce a sequence of pseudorandom numbers will result in generating the same sequence of random numbers in different runs of the program. Consider a PRNG function that is seeded with some initial seed value and is consecutively called to produce a sequence of random numbers. If the PRNG is subsequently seeded with the same initial seed value, then it will generate the same sequence.

ConsequentlyThis can lead to security threat since, after the first run of an improperly seeded PRNG, an attacker will know the sequence to be generatedcan predict the sequence of random numbers that will be generated in the future runs. Improperly seeding or failing to seed the PRNG can lead to vulnerabilities, especially in security protocols.

The solution is to ensure that a PRNG is always properly seeded with an initial seed value that will not be predictable or controllable by an attacker. A properly seeded PRNG will generate a different sequence of random numbers each time it is run.

Not all random number generators can be seeded. True random number generators that rely on hardware to produce completely unpredictable results do not need to be and cannot be seeded. Some high-quality PRNGs, such as the /dev/random device on some UNIX systems, also cannot be seeded. This rule applies only to algorithmic PRNGs that can be seeded.

Noncompliant Code Example

 The following This noncompliant code example generates a sequence of 10 pseudorandom numbers using the Mersenne Twister engine. No matter how many times this code is executed, it always produces the same sequence because the default seed is used for the engine.

#include <random>
#include <iostream>

void f() {
  std::mt19937 engine;
  
  for (int i = 0; i < i<1010; i++i) {
    std::cout << engine() << ", ";
  }
}

The output of this example follows.

1st run: 3499211612, 581869302, 3890346734, 3586334585, 545404204, 4161255391, 3922919429, 949333985, 2715962298, 1323567403, 
2nd run: 3499211612, 581869302, 3890346734, 3586334585, 545404204, 4161255391, 3922919429, 949333985, 2715962298, 1323567403, 
...
nth run: 3499211612, 581869302, 3890346734, 3586334585, 545404204, 4161255391, 3922919429, 949333985, 2715962298, 1323567403, 

Noncompliant Code Example

This noncompliant code example improves the previous noncompliant code example by seeding the random number generation engine with the current time. However, this approach is still unsuitable when an attacker can control the time at which the seeding is executed. Predictable seed values can result in exploits when the subverted PRNG is used.

#include <ctime>
#include <random>
#include <iostream>

void f() {
  std::time_t t;
   cout<<rand()<<endl; /* Always generates the same sequence */
}

Compliant Solution

Use srand() before rand() to seed the random sequence generated by rand().

std::mt19937 engine(std::time(&t));
  
  for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
    std::cout << engine() << ", ";
  }
}

Compliant Solution

This compliant solution uses std::random_device to generate a random value for seeding the Mersenne Twister engine object. The values generated by std::random_device are nondeterministic random numbers when possible, relying on random number generation devices, such as /dev/random. When such a device is not available, std::random_device may employ a random number engine; however, the initial value generated should have sufficient randomness to serve as a seed value.

#include <random>
#include <iostream>

void f() {
  std::random_device dev;
  std::mt19937 engine(dev());
  
  

srand(time(NULL)); /* Create seed based on current time */

for (int i = 0; i < i<1010; i++i)
 {
      cout<<rand()<<endl; /* Generates different sequences at different runs */
}
std::cout << engine() << ", ";
  }
} 

The output of this example follows.

1st run: 3921124303, 1253168518, 1183339582, 197772533, 83186419, 2599073270, 3238222340, 101548389, 296330365, 3335314032, 
2nd run: 2392369099, 2509898672, 2135685437, 3733236524, 883966369, 2529945396, 764222328, 138530885, 4209173263, 1693483251, 
3rd run: 914243768, 2191798381, 2961426773, 3791073717, 2222867426, 1092675429, 2202201605, 850375565, 3622398137, 422940882,
...

Risk Assessment

 Automated Detection

 TODO

Related Vulnerabilities

 TODO

Other Languages

This recommendation appears in the C Secure Coding Standard as MSC18C. Use srand() before rand() to generate different sequences of pseudorandom numbers.

References

Automated Detection

Related Vulnerabilities

Using a predictable seed value, such as the current time, result in numerous vulnerabilities, such as the one described by CVE-2008-1637.

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

Related Guidelines

Bibliography

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