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The default memory allocation operator, ::operator new(std::size_t), throws a std::bad_alloc exception if the allocation fails. Therefore, you need not check whether calling ::operator new(std::size_t) results in nullptr. The nonthrowing form, ::operator new(std::size_t, const std::nothrow_t &), does not throw an exception if the allocation fails but instead returns nullptr. The same behaviors apply for the operator new[] versions of both allocation functions. Additionally, the default allocator object (std::allocator) uses ::operator new(std::size_t) to perform allocations and should be treated similarly.

T *p1 = new T; // Throws std::bad_alloc if allocation fails
T *p2 = new (std::nothrow) T; // Returns nullptr if allocation fails

T *p3 = new T[1]; // Throws

The return values for {{malloc()}} and other C memory allocation routines indicate the failure or success of the allocation. According to C99, {{calloc()}}, {{malloc()}}, and {{realloc()}} return null pointers if the requested memory allocation fails \[[ISO/IEC 9899:1999|AA. References#ISO/IEC 9899-1999]\]. Failure to detect and properly handle memory management errors can lead to unpredictable and unintended program behavior. As a result, it is necessary to check the final status of memory management routines and handle errors appropriately.

By default operator new will throw a std::bad_alloc exception if the allocation fails. Therefore you need not check that the result of operator new is NULL. However, to ease conversion of code to C++, the C++ Standard ISO/IEC 14882-2003 provides a variant of operator new that behaves like malloc():

int* s = new int[-1]; // throws a std::bad_alloc exception
int* s if the allocation fails
T *p4 = new (std::nothrow) intT[-1]; // returns NULL
 Returns nullptr if the allocation fails

Furthermore, operator new[] can throw an error of type std::bad_array_new_length, a subclass of std::bad_alloc, if the size argument passed to new is negative or excessively large.

When using the nonthrowing formWhen using std::nothrow, it is imperative to check that the return value is not NULL before using it nullptr before accessing the resulting pointer. When using either form, be sure to comply with ERR50-CPP. Do not abruptly terminate the program.

Noncompliant Code Example

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In this noncompliant code example, an array is copied into dynamically allocated memory referenced by copy. However, the result of malloc() is not checked before copy is referenced. Consequently, if malloc() fails, the program abnormally terminatesof int is created using ::operator new[](std::size_t) and the results of the allocation are not checked. The function is marked as noexcept, so the caller assumes this function does not throw any exceptions. Because ::operator new[](std::size_t) can throw an exception if the allocation fails, it could lead to abnormal termination of the program.

Code Block
bgColor #FFcccc lang cpp
#include <cstring>   void f(const int *array; , std::size_t size) noexcept { int *copy = new int[size]; std::memcpy(copy, array, size * sizeof(*copy)); /* initialize array and size */ // ... delete [] copy; }

Compliant Solution (std::nothrow)

When using std::nothrow, the new operator returns either a null pointer or a pointer to the allocated space. Always test the returned pointer to ensure it is not nullptr before referencing the pointer. This compliant solution handles the error condition appropriately when the returned pointer is nullptr.

#include <cstring>
#include <new>
 
void f(const int *array, std::size_t size) noexcept {
  int *copy = (char *)malloc(size * sizeof(int));
memcpy( new (std::nothrow) int[size];
  if (!copy) {
    // Handle error
    return;
  }
  std::memcpy(copy, array, size * sizeof(int*copy));
  /*/ ... */
free(copy);
copy = NULL;

...

  delete [] copy;
}

Compliant Solution (std::

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bad_alloc)

Alternatively, you can use ::operator new[] without std::nothrow and instead catch a std::bad_alloc exception if sufficient memory cannot be allocatedThis example remains noncompliant if we replace malloc() with new(std::nothrow).

#include <cstring>
#include <new>
 
void f(const int *array;
, std::size_t size;

/* initialize array and size */

int *) noexcept {
  int *copy;
  try {
    copy = new int[size];
  } catch(std::nothrow) int[size];
memcpy( bad_alloc) {
    // Handle error
    return;
  }
  // At this point, copy has been initialized to allocated memory
  std::memcpy(copy, array, size * sizeof(int*copy));
  //* ... */
free(copy);
copy = NULL;

  delete [] copy;
}

Compliant Solution (

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noexcept(false))

If the design of the function is such that the caller is expected to handle exceptional situations, it is permissible to mark the function explicitly as one that may throw, as in this compliant solution. Marking the function is not strictly required, as any function without a noexcept specifier is presumed to allow throwingWith std::nothrow, the new operator returns either a null pointer or a pointer to the allocated space. Always test the returned pointer to ensure it is not NULL before referencing the pointer. Handle the error condition appropriately when the returned pointer is NULL.

#include <cstring>
 
void f(const int *array;
, std::size_t size;

/* initialize array and size */

) noexcept(false) {
  int *copy = new(std::nothrow) int[size];
if (copy == NULL) {
  /* Handle allocation error */
} else {
  memcpy(   // If the allocation fails, it will throw an exception which the caller
  // will have to handle.
  std::memcpy(copy, array, size * sizeof(int*copy));
  // ...
  delete [] copy;
}

Noncompliant Code Example

In this noncompliant code example, two memory allocations are performed within the same expression. Because the memory allocations are passed as arguments to a function call, an exception thrown as a result of one of the calls to new could result in a memory leak.

struct A { /* ... */ };
struct  free(copyB { /* ... */ }; 
 
void g(A *, B *);
void  copy = NULL;
}

Compliant Solution (bad_alloc)

f() {
  g(new A, new B);
}

Consider the situation in which A is allocated and constructed first, and then B is allocated and throws an exception. Wrapping the call to g() in a try/catch block is insufficient because it would be impossible to free the memory allocated for A.

This noncompliant code example also violates EXP50-CPP. Do not depend on the order of evaluation for side effects, because the order in which the arguments to g() are evaluated is unspecified.

Compliant Solution (std::unique_ptr)

In this compliant solution, a std::unique_ptr is used to manage the resources for the A and B objects with RAII. In the situation described by the noncompliant code example, B throwing an exception would still result in the destruction and deallocation of the A object when then std::unique_ptr<A> was destroyedAlternatively, one can use operator new without std::nothrow. Unless std::nothrow is provided, operator new never returns NULL; it will instead throw a std::bad_alloc exception if it cannot allocate memory.

#include <memory>
 
struct A { /* ... */ };
struct B { /* ... */ }; 
 
void g(std::unique_ptr<A> a, std::unique_ptr<B> b);
void f() {
  g(std::make_unique<A>(), std::make_unique<B>());
}

Compliant Solution (References)

When possible, the more resilient compliant solution is to remove the memory allocation entirely and pass the objects by reference instead.

struct A { /* ... */ };
struct B { 
int *array;
size_t size;

/* initialize array and size */

int *copy = new int[size];
memcpy( copy, array, size * sizeof(int));
/* ... */
free(copy);
copy = NULL;
 }; 
 
void g(A &a, B &b);
void f() {
  A a;
  B b;
  g(a, b);
}

Risk Assessment

Failing to detect allocation failures can lead to abnormal program termination and denial-of-service attacks.

Wiki MarkupIf the vulnerable program references memory offset from the return value, an attacker can exploit the program to read or write arbitrary memory. This vulnerability has been used to execute arbitrary code \ [[VU#159523|http://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/159523]\].

Automated Detection

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Related Vulnerabilities

The vulnerability in Adobe Flash [VU#159523] arises because Flash neglects to check the return value from calloc(). Even though calloc() returns NULL, Flash does not attempt to read or write to the return value. Instead, it attempts to write to an offset from the return value. Dereferencing NULL usually results in a program crash, but dereferencing an offset from NULL allows an exploit to succeed without crashing the

Related Vulnerabilities

Wiki MarkupThe vulnerability in Adobe Flash \[[VU#159523|AA. References#VU#159523]\] arises because Flash neglects to check the return value from {{calloc()}}. Even though {{calloc()}} returns NULL, Flash does not attempt to read or write to the return value, but rather attempts to write to an offset from the return value. Dereferencing NULL usually results in a program crash, but dereferencing an offset from NULL allows an exploit to succeed without crashing the program.

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the the CERT website.

Other Languages

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Related Guidelines

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Bibliography

References

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Image Added Image Added Image Added2003|AA. References#ISO/IEC 14882-2003]\] Section 5.3.4 \[[MITRE 07|AA. References#MITRE 07]\] [CWE ID 476|http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/476.html], "NULL Pointer Dereference," and [CWE ID 252|http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/252.html], "Unchecked Return Value" \[[Seacord 05|AA. References#Seacord 05]\] Chapter 4, "Dynamic Memory Management" \[[VU#159523|AA. References#VU#159523]\]MEM31-CPP. Free dynamically allocated memory exactly once      08. Memory Management (MEM)      MEM34-CPP. Only free memory allocated dynamically