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Wiki MarkupProgrammers frequently make errors regarding the precedence of operators because of the unintuitive unintuitively low - precedence levels of {{&}}, {{\|}}, {{\^}}, {{<<}}, and {{>>}}. Avoid mistakes regarding precedence through the suitable use of parentheses. This also improves code readability, unless taken to excess. The precedence of operations by the order of the subclauses are defined in the Java Tutorials \[[Tutorials 2008|AA. Bibliography#Tutorials 08]\].parentheses, which also improves code readability. The precedence of operations by the order of the subclauses is defined in the Java Tutorials [Tutorials 2013].

Although it advises against depending on parentheses for specifying evaluation order EXP05-J. Do not follow a write by a subsequent write or read of the same object within an expression Although the guideline EXP08-J. Do not write more than once to the same variable within an expression advises against depending on parentheses for specifying evaluation order, it applies only to expressions that contain side - effects.

Noncompliant Code Example

The intent of the expression in this noncompliant code example is to add the variable OFFSET to the result of the bitwise logical AND between x and MASK.:

public static final int MASK = 1337;
public static final int OFFSET = -1337;

public static int computeCode(int x) {
  return x & MASK + OFFSET;
}

According to the operator precedence guidelines, the expression is parsed as the following:

x & (MASK + OFFSET)

This expression gets is evaluated , as shown belowfollows, resulting in the value 0.:

x & (1337 - 1337)

Compliant Solution

This compliant solution uses parentheses to ensure that the expression evaluates is evaluated as intended.:

public static final int MASK = 1337;
public static final int OFFSET = -1337;

public static int computeCode(int x) {
  return (x & MASK) + OFFSET;
}

Note that this solution performs bitwise operations on signed integers. Care must be exercised when doing this; see void NUM05-J. Avoid incorrect mixing of signed integers with bitwise operators for more information.

Exceptions

Noncompliant Code Example

In this noncompliant code example, the intent is to append either "0" or "1" to the string "value=":

public class PrintValue {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    String s = null;
    // Prints "1"
    System.out.println("value=" + s == null ? 0 : 1);
  }
}

However, the precedence rules result in the expression to be printed being parsed as ("value=" + s) == null ? 0 : 1.

Compliant Solution

This compliant solution uses parentheses to ensure that the expression evaluates as intended:

public class PrintValue {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    String s = null;
    // Prints "value=0" as expected
    System.out.println("value=" + (s == null ? 0 : 1));
  }
}

Applicability

Mistakes regarding precedence guidelines can cause an expression to be evaluated in an unintended way, which can lead to unexpected and abnormal program behavior.

EXP00-EX0: Parentheses may be omitted from mathematical expressions that follows follow the algebraic precedence rules. For instance, consider the following expression:

x + y * z

By mathematical convention, multiplication is performed before addition; parentheses are redundant in this case.:

x + (y * z)

Risk Assessment

Mistakes regarding precedence guidelines can cause an expression to be evaluated in an unintended way. This can lead to unexpected and abnormal program behavior.

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Guideline

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Likelihood

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Remediation Cost

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Priority

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Level

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EXP06-J

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low

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probable

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medium

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P4

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L3

Automated Detection

Detection of all expressions using low-precedence operators without parentheses is straightforward. Determining the correctness of such uses is infeasible in the general case; , although heuristic warnings could be useful.

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this guideline on the CERT website.

Related Guidelines

C Coding Standard: EXP00-C. Use parentheses for precedence of operation

C++ Secure Coding Standard: EXP00-CPP. Use parentheses for precedence of operation

Bibliography

\[[ESA 2005|AA. Bibliography#ESA 05]\] Rule 65: Use parentheses to explicitly indicate the order of execution of numerical operators
\[[Tutorials 2008|AA. Bibliography#Tutorials 08]\] [Expressions, Statements, and Blocks|http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/java/nutsandbolts/expressions.html], [Operators|http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/java/nutsandbolts/operators.html]

Automated Detection

Bibliography

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Image Added Image Added Image AddedNUM18-J. Be aware of numeric promotion behavior      02. Expressions (EXP)      EXP07-J. Understand the differences between bitwise and logical operators