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XPath injection occurs when an XML document is Extensible Markup Language (XML) can be used for data storage in a manner similar to a relational database. Data is frequently retrieved from such an XML document using XPaths. XPath injection can occur when data supplied to an XPath retrieval routine to retrieve data from an XML document is used without proper sanitization. This attack is similar to SQL injection or XML injection , (see IDS07IDS00-J. Prevent SQL Injection) wherein an Sanitize untrusted data passed across a trust boundary). An attacker can enter valid SQL or XML constructs into in the data fields of the query in use. TypicallyIn typical attacks, the conditional field of the query resolves to a tautology or otherwise gives the attacker access to privileged information.

This guideline is a specific example of the broadly scoped guideline IDS00IDS52-J. Always validate user inputPrevent code injection.

XML Path Injection Example

Consider the following XML schema.:

<users>
  <user>
    <login>Utah<<username>Utah</login>username>
    <password>C^f3<<password>e90205372a3b89e2</password>
  </user>
  <user>
    <login>Bohdi<<username>Bohdi</login>username>
    <password>C@fe<<password>6c16b22029df4ec6</password>
  </user>
  <user>
    <login>Busey<<username>Busey</login>username>
    <password>cAf3<<password>ad39b3c2a4dabc98</password>
  </user>
</users>

The passwords are hashed in compliance with MSC62-J. Store passwords using a hash function. MD5 hashes are shown here for illustrative purposes; in practice, you should use a safer algorithm such as SHA-256.

Untrusted code may attempt to retrieve user details from this file with an XPath statement constructed dynamically from user input.

//users/user[LoginIDusername/text()='&LOGIN&' and password/text()='&PASSWORD&' ]

If an attacker knows that Utah is a valid login ID, they user name, he or she can specify an input login ID such as:

Utah' or '1'='1

This would yield yields the following query string:.

//users/user[loginusername/text()='Utah' or '1'='1' and password/text()='xxxx' ]

Since Because the '1'='1' is automatically true, the password is never validated. Consequently, the attacker is falsely logged in inappropriately authenticated as user Utah, without having to know the password.

In order to comply with guideline MSC18-J Store passwords using a hash function, the passwords would have to be encrypted. Unfortunately, on many small systems, they are not, and so the password text added in the query string would match precisely what the user enters. An attacker could supply a password such as:

' or '1'='1

This would yield the following query string:

//users/user[password/text()='xxxx' and login/text()='' or '1'='1' ]

This time, the '1'='1' tautology disables both login ID and password validation, and the attacker is falsely logged in without knowing a login ID or password without knowing Utah's password.

Noncompliant Code Example

In this This noncompliant code example , reads a user name and password is read from the user and used uses them to construct the query string. The password is passed as a char array , and then hashed, all to comply with MSC18-J Store passwords using a hash function and MSC10-J. Limit the lifetime of sensitive data.If passed the attack string for login described above, the evaluate() . This example is vulnerable to the attack described earlier. If the attack string described earlier is passed to evaluate(), the method call returns the corresponding login node in the XML file, causing the logindoLogin() method to return true and bypass any authorization.

private boolean doLogin(String loginIDuserName, char[] password)
  throws ParserConfigurationException, SAXException, IOException, XPathExpressionException {

  DocumentBuilderFactory domFactory = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
  domFactory.setNamespaceAware(true);
  DocumentBuilder builder = domFactory.newDocumentBuilder();
  Document doc = builder.parse("users.xml");
  String pwd = hashPassword( password);

  XPathFactory factory = XPathFactory.newInstance();
  XPath xpath = factory.newXPath();
  XPathExpression expr = xpath.compile("//users/user[loginusername/text()='" + 
       loginIDuserName + "' and password/text()='" + pwd + "' ]");
  Object result = expr.evaluate(doc, XPathConstants.NODESET);
  NodeList nodes = (NodeList) result;

  // Print first names to the console 
  for (int i = 0; i < nodes.getLength(); i++) {
    Node node = nodes.item(i).getChildNodes().item(1).getChildNodes().item(0);
    System.out.println( "Authenticated: " + node.getNodeValue());
  }

  return (nodes.getLength() >= 1);
}

Compliant Solution (XQuery)

XPath injection can be prevented by adopting defenses similar to those used to prevent SQL injection:

• Treat all user input as untrusted, and perform appropriate sanitization.
• When sanitizing user input, verify the correctness of the data type, length, format, and the content. For example, use a regular expression that checks for XML tags and special characters in user input. This practice corresponds to input sanitization. See guideline IDS00See IDS52-J. Always validate user inputPrevent code injection for additional details.
• In a client-server application, perform validation at both the client and the server sidesides.
• Extensively test applications that supply, propagate, or use accept user input.

An effective prevention technique for preventing the related issue of SQL injection is parameterization, whereby . Parameterization ensures that user-specified data is passed to an API as a parameter , thus ensuring that user-specified such that the data is never interpreted as executable logiccontent. Unfortunately, Java SE currently lacks an analogous interface for XPath queries. However, an XPath analog to SQL parameterization can be emulated by using an interface ( such as XQuery ) that supports specifying a query statement in a separate file that is supplied at runtime.

Input File: login.qry

declare variable $loginID$userName as xs:string external;
declare variable $password as xs:string external;
//users/user[@loginID@userName=$loginID$userName and @password=$password]

This compliant solution uses a query specified in a text file by reading the file in the required format and then entering inserting values for the user name and password in a Map. The XQuery library constructs the XML query from these elementsinputs.

private boolean doLogin(String loginIDuserName, String pwd)
  throws ParserConfigurationException, SAXException, IOException, XPathExpressionException {

  DocumentBuilderFactory domFactory = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
  domFactory.setNamespaceAware(true);
  DocumentBuilder builder = domFactory.newDocumentBuilder();
  Document doc = builder.parse("users.xml");

  XQuery xquery = new XQueryFactory().createXQuery(new File("login.xryxq"));
  Map queryVars = new HashMap();
  queryVars.put("loginiduserName", loginIDuserName);
  queryVars.put("password", pwd);
  NodeList nodes = xquery.execute(doc, null, queryVars).toNodes();

  // Print first names to the console 
  for (int i = 0; i < nodes.getLength(); i++) {
    Node node = nodes.item(i).getChildNodes().item(1).getChildNodes().item(0);
    System.out.println( node.getNodeValue());
  }

  return (nodes.getLength() >= 1);
}

Using this method, the data specified in the loginID and userName and password fields cannot be interpreted as executable content at runtime.

In addition, OWASP \[[OWASP 2005|AA. Bibliography#OWASP 05]\] recommends

Applicability

Failure to validate user input may result in information disclosure and execution of unprivileged code.

According to OWASP [OWASP 2014],

[Prevention of XPath injection] requires the following characters to be removed (that is, prohibited) or properly Wiki Markup\[Prevention of XPath injection\] requires the following characters to be removed (ie prohibited) or properly escaped:

• < > / ' = " to  to prevent straight parameter injection.
• XPath queries should not contain any meta characters (such as as ' = * ? // or  or similar).
• XSLT expansions should not contain any user input, or if they do, that [you should] comprehensively test the existence of the file, and ensure that the files are within the bounds set by the Java 2 Security Policy.

Risk Assessment

Failure to validate user input may result in information disclosure and execution of unprivileged code.

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this guideline on the CERT website.

Bibliography

\[[Fortify 2008|AA. Bibliography#Fortify 08]\] "Input Validation and Representation: XML Injection"
\[[MITRE 2009|AA. Bibliography#MITRE 09]\] [CWE ID 643|http://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/247.html] "Failure to Sanitize Data within XPath Expressions (aka 'XPath injection')"
\[[OWASP 2005|AA. Bibliography#OWASP 05]\] [Testing for XPath Injection|http://www.owasp.org/index.php/XPath_Injection_Testing_AoC]
\[[Sen 2007|AA. Bibliography#Sen 07]\]
\[[Sun 2006|AA. Bibliography#Sun 06]\] [Ensure Data Security|http://java.sun.com/developer/technicalArticles/xml/jaxp1-3/index.html#Ensure%20Data%20Security]

Automated Detection

Bibliography

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Image Added Image Added Image AddedIDS08-J. Prevent XML Injection      13. Input Validation and Data Sanitization (IDS)      IDS10-J. Prevent XML external entity attacks