...
Threads
...
and
...
tasks
...
that
...
block
...
on
...
operations
...
involving
...
network
...
or
...
file
...
I/O
...
must
...
provide
...
callers
...
with
...
an
...
explicit
...
termination
...
mechanism
...
to
...
prevent denial-of-service (DoS) vulnerabilities.
Noncompliant Code Example (Blocking I/O,
...
Volatile
...
Flag)
...
This
...
noncompliant
...
code
...
example
...
uses
...
a
...
volatile
...
done
...
flag
...
to
...
indicate
...
it whether
...
is
...
safe
...
to
...
shut
...
down
...
the
...
thread,
...
as
...
suggested
...
in
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
.
...
However,
...
when
...
the
...
thread
...
is
...
blocked
...
on
...
network
...
I/O
...
as
...
a
...
consequence
...
of
...
invoking
...
the
...
readLine()
...
method,
...
it
...
cannot
...
respond
...
to
...
the
...
newly
...
set
...
flag
...
until
...
the
...
network
...
I/O
...
is
...
complete.
...
Consequently,
...
thread
...
termination
...
may
...
be
...
indefinitely
...
delayed.
| Code Block | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| =
| |||
} // Thread-safe class public final class SocketReader implements Runnable { private final Socket socket; private final BufferedReader in; private volatile boolean done = false; private final Object lock = new Object(); public SocketReader(String host, int port) throws IOException { this.socket = new Socket(host, port); this.in = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader(this.socket.getInputStream()) ); } // Only one thread can use the socket at a particular time @Override public void run() { try { synchronized (lock) { readData(); } } catch (IOException ie) { // Forward to handler } } public void readData() throws IOException { String string; while (!done && (string = in.readLine()) != null) { // Blocks until end of stream (null) } } public void shutdown() { done = true; } public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException { SocketReader reader = new SocketReader("somehost", 25); Thread thread = new Thread(reader); thread.start(); Thread.sleep(1000); reader.shutdown(); // ShutdownShut down the thread } } {code} h2. Noncompliant Code Example |
Noncompliant Code Example (Blocking
...
I/O,
...
Interruptible)
...
This
...
noncompliant
...
code
...
example
...
is
...
similar
...
to
...
the
...
preceding
...
example
...
but
...
uses
...
thread
...
interruption
...
to
...
shut
...
down
...
the
...
thread.
...
Network
...
I/O
...
on
...
a
...
java.net.Socket
...
is
...
unresponsive
...
to
...
thread
...
interruption.
| Code Block | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| =
| |||
} // Thread-safe class public final class SocketReader implements Runnable { // otherOther methods... public void readData() throws IOException { String string; while (!Thread.interrupted() && (string = in.readLine()) != null) { // Blocks until end of stream (null) } } public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException { SocketReader reader = new SocketReader("somehost", 25); Thread thread = new Thread(reader); thread.start(); Thread.sleep(1000); thread.interrupt(); // Interrupt the thread } } {code} h2. Compliant Solution |
Compliant Solution (Close
...
Socket
...
Connection)
...
This
...
compliant
...
solution
...
terminates
...
the
...
blocking
...
network
...
I/O
...
by
...
closing
...
the
...
socket
...
in
...
the
...
shutdown()
...
method.
...
The
...
readLine()
...
method
...
throws
...
a
...
SocketException
...
when
...
the
...
socket
...
is
...
closed,
...
consequently
...
allowing
...
the
...
thread
...
to
...
proceed.
...
Note
...
that
...
it
...
is
...
impossible
...
to
...
keep
...
the
...
connection
...
alive
...
while
...
simultaneously
...
halting
...
the
...
thread
...
both
...
cleanly
...
and
...
immediately.
| Code Block | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| =
| |||
} public final class SocketReader implements Runnable { // otherOther methods... public void readData() throws IOException { String string; try { while ((string = in.readLine()) != null) { // Blocks until end of stream (null) } } finally { shutdown(); } } public void shutdown() throws IOException { socket.close(); } public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException { SocketReader reader = new SocketReader("somehost", 25); Thread thread = new Thread(reader); thread.start(); Thread.sleep(1000); reader.shutdown(); } } {code} |
After
...
the
...
shutdown()
...
method
...
is
...
called
...
from
...
main()
...
,
...
the finally block in readData()
...
executes
...
and
...
calls
...
shutdown()
...
again,
...
closing
...
the
...
socket
...
for
...
a
...
second
...
time.
...
However,
...
when
...
the
...
socket
...
has
...
already
...
been
...
closed,
...
this
...
second
...
call
...
does
...
nothing.
...
When
...
performing
...
asynchronous
...
I/O,
...
a
...
java.nio.channels.Selector
...
can
...
be
...
unblocked
...
by
...
invoking
...
either
...
its
...
close()
...
or
...
its
...
wakeup()
...
method.
...
When
...
additional
...
operations
...
must
...
be
...
performed
...
after
...
emerging
...
from
...
the
...
blocked
...
state,
...
use
...
a
...
boolean
...
flag
...
to
...
indicate
...
pending
...
termination.
...
When
...
supplementing
...
the
...
code
...
with
...
such
...
a
...
flag,
...
the
...
shutdown()
...
method
...
should
...
also
...
set
...
the
...
flag
...
to
...
false
...
so
...
that
...
the
...
thread
...
can
...
cleanly
...
exit
...
from
...
the
...
while
...
loop.
...
Compliant Solution (Interruptible
...
Channel)
...
This
...
compliant
...
solution
...
uses
...
an
...
interruptible
...
channel,
...
java.nio.channels.SocketChannel
...
,
...
instead
...
of
...
a
...
Socket
...
connection.
...
If
...
the
...
thread
...
performing
...
the
...
network
...
I/O
...
is
...
interrupted
...
using
...
the
...
Thread.interrupt()
...
method
...
while
...
it
...
is
...
reading
...
the
...
data,
...
the
...
thread
...
receives
...
a
...
ClosedByInterruptException
...
,
...
and
...
the
...
channel
...
is
...
closed
...
immediately.
...
The
...
thread's
...
interrupted
...
status
...
is
...
also
...
set.
| Code Block | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| =
| |||
} public final class SocketReader implements Runnable { private final SocketChannel sc; private final Object lock = new Object(); public SocketReader(String host, int port) throws IOException { sc = SocketChannel.open(new InetSocketAddress(host, port)); } @Override public void run() { ByteBuffer buf = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024); try { synchronized (lock) { while (!Thread.interrupted()) { sc.read(buf); // ... } } } catch (IOException ie) { // Forward to handler } } public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException { SocketReader reader = new SocketReader("somehost", 25); Thread thread = new Thread(reader); thread.start(); Thread.sleep(1000); thread.interrupt(); } } {code} |
This
...
technique
...
interrupts
...
the
...
current
...
thread.
...
However,
...
it
...
stops
...
the
...
thread
...
only
...
because
...
the
...
code
...
polls
...
the
...
thread's
...
interrupted
...
status
...
with
...
the
...
Thread.interrupted()
...
method
...
and
...
terminates
...
the
...
thread
...
when
...
it
...
is
...
interrupted.
...
Using
...
a
...
SocketChannel
...
ensures
...
that
...
the
...
condition
...
in
...
the
...
while
...
loop
...
is
...
tested
...
as
...
soon
...
as
...
an
...
interruption
...
is
...
received,
...
even
...
though
...
the
...
read
...
is
...
normally
...
a
...
blocking
...
operation.
...
Similarly,
...
invoking
...
the
...
interrupt()
...
method
...
of
...
a
...
thread
...
blocked
...
on
...
a
...
java.nio.channels.Selector
...
also
...
causes
...
that
...
thread
...
to
...
awaken.
...
Noncompliant Code Example (Database
...
Connection)
...
This
...
noncompliant
...
code
...
example
...
shows
...
a
...
...
DBConnector
...
class
...
that
...
creates
...
one
...
JDBC
...
connection
...
per
...
thread.
...
Each
...
connection
...
belongs
...
to
...
one
...
thread
...
and
...
is
...
not
...
shared
...
by
...
other
...
threads.
...
This
...
is
...
a
...
common
...
use
...
case
...
because
...
JDBC
...
connections
...
are
...
intended
...
to
...
be
...
single-threaded.
| Code Block | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| =
| |||
} public final class DBConnector implements Runnable { private final String query; DBConnector(String query) { this.query = query; } @Override public void run() { Connection connection; try { // Username and password are hard coded for brevity connection = DriverManager.getConnection( "jdbc:driver:name", "username", "password" ); Statement stmt = connection.createStatement(); ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(query); // ... } catch (SQLException e) { // Forward to handler } // ... } public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException { DBConnector connector = new DBConnector("suitable query"); Thread thread = new Thread(connector); thread.start(); Thread.sleep(5000); thread.interrupt(); } } {code} |
Database
...
connections,
...
like
...
sockets,
...
lack
...
inherent
...
interruptibility.
...
Consequently,
...
this
...
design
...
fails
...
to
...
support
...
the
...
client's
...
attempts
...
to
...
cancel
...
a
...
task
...
by
...
closing
...
the
...
resource
...
when
...
the
...
corresponding
...
thread
...
is
...
blocked
...
on
...
a
...
long-running
...
query,
...
such
...
as
...
a
...
join.
...
Compliant Solution (Statement.cancel()
...
)
...
This
...
compliant
...
solution
...
uses
...
a
...
ThreadLocal
...
wrapper
...
around
...
the
...
connection
...
so
...
that
...
a
...
thread
...
calling
...
the
...
initialValue()
...
method
...
obtains
...
a
...
unique
...
connection
...
instance.
...
This
...
approach
...
allows
...
provision
...
of
...
a
...
cancelStatement()
...
so
...
that
...
other
...
threads
...
or
...
clients
...
can
...
interrupt
...
a
...
long-running
...
query
...
when
...
required.
...
The
...
cancelStatement()
...
method
...
invokes
...
the
...
Statement.cancel()
...
method.
| Code Block | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| =
| |||
} public final class DBConnector implements Runnable { private final String query; private volatile Statement stmt; DBConnector(String query) { this.query = query; } if (getConnection() != null) { private static final ThreadLocal<Connection> connectionHolder = try { stmt = getConnection().createStatement(); } catch (SQLException e) { // Forward to handler new ThreadLocal<Connection>() }{ Connection } connection = }null; private static final@Override ThreadLocal<Connection>public connectionHolderConnection =initialValue() { try { // ... connection = DriverManager.getConnection( new ThreadLocal<Connection>() {"jdbc:driver:name", Connection connection = null; @Override public Connection initialValue() { "username", try { "password" // ... ); connection } =catch DriverManager.getConnection( SQLException e) { // "jdbc:driver:name", Forward to handler } "username", return connection; } }; public Connection "password"getConnection() { return connectionHolder.get(); } public boolean } catch (SQLException ecancelStatement() { // Allows client to cancel statement //Statement ForwardtmpStmt to= handlerstmt; if (tmpStmt != null) }{ returntry connection;{ } }tmpStmt.cancel(); public Connection getConnection() { return connectionHolder.get()true; } public} booleancatch cancelStatement(SQLException e) { // AllowsForward client to cancel statementhandler if (stmt !=} null) { } tryreturn {false; } @Override public void stmt.cancelrun(); { try { return true; if (getConnection() } catch (SQLException e!= null) { //stmt Forward to handler= getConnection().createStatement(); } } if (stmt == return false; } @Override public void run() { try { if (stmt == null || (stmt.getConnection() != getConnection())) null || (stmt.getConnection() != getConnection())) { throw new IllegalStateException(); } ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(query); // ... } catch (SQLException e) { // Forward to handler } // ... } public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException { DBConnector connector = new DBConnector("suitable query"); Thread thread = new Thread(connector); thread.start(); Thread.sleep(5000); connector.cancelStatement(); } } {code} The {{ |
The Statement.cancel()
...
method
...
cancels
...
the
...
query,
...
provided
...
the
...
database
...
management
...
system
...
(DBMS)
...
and
...
driver
...
both
...
support
...
cancellation.
...
It
...
is
...
impossible
...
to
...
cancel
...
the
...
query
...
if
...
either
...
the
...
DBMS
...
or
...
the
...
driver
...
fail
...
to
...
support
...
cancellation.
...
According
...
to
...
the
...
Java
...
API,
...
Interface Statement documentation [API 2014]
By default, only one
ResultSetobject perStatementobject can be open at the same time. As a result, if the reading of oneResultSetobject is interleaved with the reading of another, each must have been generated by differentStatementobjects.
This compliant solution ensures that only one ResultSet is associated with the Statement belonging to an instance, and, consequently, only one thread can access the query results.
Risk Assessment
Failure to provide facilities for thread termination can cause nonresponsiveness and DoS.
Rule | Severity | Likelihood | Remediation Cost | Priority | Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
THI04-J | Low | Probable | Medium | P4 | L3 |
Bibliography
[API 2014] | |
Section 24.3, "Stopping a Thread" | |
Chapter 7, "Cancellation and Shutdown" | |
Section 2.4, "Two Approaches to Stopping a Thread" | |
Java Thread Primitive Deprecation | |
[JPL 2006] | Section 14.12.1, "Don't Stop" |
...