PRE07-A. Avoid using repeated question marks

Two consecutive question marks signify the start of a trigraph sequence.

According to the C99 Standard [[ISO/IEC 9899-1999]]:

All occurrences in a source file of the following sequences of three characters (that is, trigraph sequences) are replaced with the corresponding single character.

??=	#		??)	]		??!	|
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="unmigrated-wiki-markup" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="59f1ed06-5435-4c61-bcea-c8f47063567a"><ac:plain-text-body><![CDATA[	??(	[		??'	^		??>	}	]]></ac:plain-text-body></ac:structured-macro>
??/	\		??<	{		??-	~

Non-Compliant Code Example

In this non-compliant code example, a++ is not executed, because the trigraph sequence ??/ is replaced by \, logically putting a++ on the same line as the comment.

// what is the value of a now??/
a++;

Compliant Solution

The following compliant solution eliminates the accidental introduction of the trigraph.

// what is the value of a now?
a++;

Non-Compliant Code Example

This non-compliant code example includes the trigraph sequence ??!, which is replaced by the character |.

size_t i;
/* assignment of i */
if (i > 9000) {
   puts("Over 9000!??!");
}

This example prints Over 9000!| if a C99-compliant compiler is used.

Compliant Solution

The compliant solution uses string concatenation to concatenate the two question marks; otherwise they are interpreted as beginning a trigraph sequence.

size_t i;
/* assignment of i */
if (i > 9000) {
   puts("Over 9000!?""?!");
}

The above code prints Over 9000!??!, as intended.

Implementation Details

Some compilers provide options to warn when trigraphs are encountered, or to disable trigraph expansion. Use the warning options and ensure your code compiles cleanly (MSC00-A. Compile cleanly at high warning levels)

Risk Assessment

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

References

[[ISO/IEC 9899-1999]] Section 5.2.1.1, "Trigraph sequences"
[Wikipedia] "C Trigraphs"

PRE06-A. Enclose header file in an inclusion sandwich      01. Preprocessor (PRE)       PRE08-A. Guarantee that header filenames are unique