PRE07-A. Avoid using repeated question marks

Two consecutive question marks signify the start of a trigraph sequence.

According to the C99 Standard [[ISO/IEC 9899:1999]]:

All occurrences in a source file of the following sequences of three characters (that is, trigraph sequences) are replaced with the corresponding single character.

??=	#		??)	]		??!	|
<ac:structured-macro ac:name="unmigrated-wiki-markup" ac:schema-version="1" ac:macro-id="b969f838-286c-4437-b93e-ddaf8bd4246d"><ac:plain-text-body><![CDATA[	??(	[		??'	^		??>	}	]]></ac:plain-text-body></ac:structured-macro>
??/	\		??<	{		??-	~

Non-Compliant Code Example

In this non-compliant code example, a++ is not executed, because the trigraph sequence ??/ is replaced by \, logically putting a++ on the same line as the comment.

// what is the value of a now??/
a++;

Compliant Solution

The following compliant solution eliminates the accidental introduction of the trigraph by separating the ?'s

// what is the value of a now? ?/
a++;

Non-Compliant Code Example

This non-compliant code example includes the trigraph sequence ??!, which is replaced by the character |.

size_t i;
/* assignment of i */
if (i > 9000) {
   if (puts("Over 9000!??!") == EOF) {
     /* Handle Error */
   }
}

This example prints Over 9000!| if a C99-compliant compiler is used.

Compliant Solution

The compliant solution uses string concatenation to concatenate the two question marks; otherwise they are interpreted as beginning a trigraph sequence.

size_t i;
/* assignment of i */
if (i > 9000) {
   if (puts("Over 9000!?""?!") == EOF) {
     /* Handle Error */
   }
}

The above code prints Over 9000!??!, as intended.

Risk Assessment

Inadvertent trigraphs can result in unexpected behavior. Some compilers provide options to warn when trigraphs are encountered, or to disable trigraph expansion. Use the warning options and ensure your code compiles cleanly (see MSC00-A. Compile cleanly at high warning levels).

Automated Detection

GCC provides a -Wtrigraphs option that warns when trigraphs are used. GCC also provides a --no-trigraph option that is enabled by default.

The LDRA tool suite V 7.6.0 is able to detect violations of this recommendation.

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

References

[[ISO/IEC 9899:1999]] Section 5.2.1.1, "Trigraph sequences"
[[MISRA 04]] Rule 4.2

PRE06-A. Enclose header files in an inclusion guard      01. Preprocessor (PRE)       PRE08-A. Guarantee that header file names are unique