EXP32-C. Do not cast away a volatile qualification

Do not cast away a volatile qualification on a variable type. Casting away the volatile qualification permits the compiler to optimize away operations on the volatile type, consequently negating the use of the volatile keyword in the first place.

Noncompliant Code Example

In this example, a volatile object is accessed through a non-volatile-qualified reference, resulting in undefined behavior.

static volatile int **ipp;
static int *ip;
static volatile int i = 0;

printf("i = %d.\n", i);

ipp = &ip; /* produces warnings in modern compilers */
ipp = (int**) &ip; /* constraint violation */
*ipp = &i; /* valid */
if (*ip != 0) { /* valid */
  /* ... */
}

The assignment ipp = &ip is unsafe because it would allow the valid code that follows to reference the value of the volatile object i through the non-volatile qualified reference ip. In this example, the compiler may optimize out the entire if block because it is not possible that i != 0 if i is not volatile.

Implementation Details

This example compiles without warning on Microsoft Visual C++ .NET (2003) and on MS Visual Studio 2005. 

This example does not compile on MS Visual Studio 2008. The error message is

error C2440: '=' : cannot convert from 'int **' to 'volatile int **'

Version 3.2.2 and Version 4.1.3 of the GCC compiler generate a warning but compile successfully.

Compliant Solution

In this compliant solution, ip is declared as volatile.

static volatile int **ipp;
static volatile int *ip;
static volatile int i = 0;

printf("i = %d.\n", i);

ipp = &ip;
*ipp = &i;
if (*ip != 0) {
  /* ... */
}

Risk Assessment

Casting away volatile allows access to an object through a non-volatile reference. This can result in undefined and perhaps unintended program behavior.

Automated Detection

GCC Compiler can detect violations of this rule when the -Wcast-qual flag is used.

Compass/ROSE can detect violations of this rule.

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

Other Languages

This rule appears in the C++ Secure Coding Standard as EXP32-CPP. Do not access a volatile object through a non-volatile reference.

References

[[ISO/IEC 9899:1999]] Section 6.7.3, "Type qualifiers," and Section 6.5.16.1, "Simple assignment"
[[ISO/IEC PDTR 24772]] "HFC Pointer casting and pointer type changes" and "IHN Type system"
[[MISRA 04]] Rule 11.5
[[MITRE 07]] CWE ID 704, "Incorrect Type Conversion or Cast"

EXP31-C. Avoid side effects in assertions      03. Expressions (EXP)       EXP33-C. Do not reference uninitialized memory