CON25-J. Ensure atomicity when reading and writing 64-bit values

The Java Language Specification allows 64-bit long and double values to be treated as two 32-bit values. For example, a 64-bit write operation may be performed as two separate 32-bit operations.

According to the Java Language Specification [[JLS 05]], Section 17.7 "Non-Atomic Treatment of double and long"

... this behavior is implementation specific; Java virtual machines are free to perform writes to long and double values atomically or in two parts. For the purposes of the Java programming language memory model, a single write to a non-volatile long or double value is treated as two separate writes: one to each 32-bit half. This can result in a situation where a thread sees the first 32 bits of a 64 bit value from one write, and the second 32 bits from another write.

This behavior can result in indeterminate values being read in code that is required to be thread-safe.

Noncompliant Code Example

In this noncompliant code example, if one thread repeatedly calls the assignValue() method and another thread repeatedly calls the printLong() method, the printLong() method could occasionally print a value of i that is neither zero nor the value of the j argument.

class LongContainer {
  private long i = 0;

  void assignValue(long j) {
    i = j; 
  }

  void printLong() {
    System.out.println("i = " + i);
  }
}

A similar problem may occur if i is declared as a double.

Compliant Solution (Volatile)

This compliant solution declares i as volatile. Writes and reads of long and double volatile values are always atomic.

class LongContainer {
  private volatile long i = 0;
 
  void assignValue(long j) { 
    i = j; 
  }
 
  void printLong() {
    System.out.println("i = " + i);
  }
}

It is important to ensure that the argument to the assignValue() method is obtained from a volatile variable or as a result of explicitly passing an integer value. Otherwise, a read of the variable argument may, itself, expose a vulnerability.

Semantics of volatile do not guarantee the atomicity of compound operations that involve read-modify-write sequences such as incrementing a value. See CON01-J. Ensure that compound operations on shared variables are atomic for more information.

Exceptions

CON25-EX1: If all reads and writes of 64-bit long and double values occur within a synchronized region, the atomicity of the read/write is guaranteed. This requires that no unsynchronized methods in the class expose the value and that the value is inaccessible (directly or indirectly) from other code. (For more information, see CON01-J. Ensure that compound operations on shared variables are atomic.)

CON25-EX2: Systems that guarantee that 64-bit long and double values are read and written as atomic operations may safely ignore this guideline.

Risk Assessment

Failure to ensure the atomicity of operations involving 64-bit values in multithreaded applications can result in reading and writing indeterminate values. Many Java Virtual Machines (JVMs) read and write 64-bit values atomically, even though the specification does not require them to.

Related Vulnerabilities

Any vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule are listed on the CERT website.

References

[[JLS 05]] 17.7 Non-Atomic Treatment of double and long
[[Goetz 06]] 3.1.2. Non-Atomic 64-Bit Operations
[[Goetz 04c]]
[[MITRE 09]] CWE ID 667 "Insufficient Locking"

CON07-J. Do not assume that a group of calls to independently atomic methods is atomic      11. Concurrency (CON)      CON03-J. Do not use background threads during class initialization