SEI CERT Oracle Coding Standard for Java

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The Myth of Trust

Software programs often contain multiple components that act as subsystems, where each component operates in one or more trusted domains. For example, one component may have access to the file system but lack access to the network, while another component has access to the network but lacks access to the file system. Distrustful decomposition and privilege separation [[Dougherty 2009]] are examples of secure design patterns that recommend reducing the amount of code that runs with special privileges by designing the system using mutually untrusting components.

While software components can obey policies that allow them to transmit data across trust boundaries, they cannot specify the level of trust given to any component. The deployer of the application must define the trust boundaries with the help of a system-wide security policy. A security auditor can use that definition to determine whether the software adequately supports the security objectives of the application.

A Java program can contain both internally developed and third-party code. Code provenance might dictate the trust given to component. Consequently, third-party code might operate in its own trusted domain, in which case, any code exported to a third-party — such as libraries — should be deployable in well-defined trusted domains. The public API of the potentially-exported code can be considered to be a trust boundary. Data flowing across a trust boundary should be validated when the publisher lacks guarantees of validation. A subscriber or client may omit validation when the data flowing into its trust boundary is appropriate for use as is. In all other cases, inbound data must be validated.

Injection Attacks

Data received by a component from a source outside the component's trust boundary may be malicious. Consequently, the program must take steps to ensure that the data are both genuine and appropriate.

These steps can include the following:

Validation: Validation is the process of ensuring that input data fall within the expected domain of valid program input. For example, not only must method arguments conform to the type and numeric range requirements of a method or subsystem, but also they must contain data that conform to the required input invariants for that method.

Sanitization: In many cases, the data may be passed directly to a component in a different trusted domain. Data sanitization is the process of ensuring that data conforms to the requirements of the subsystem to which they are passed. Sanitization also involves ensuring that data also conforms to security-related requirements regarding leaking or exposure of sensitive data when output across a trust boundary. Sanitization may include the elimination of unwanted characters from the input by means of removal, replacement, encoding or escaping the characters. Sanitization may occur following input (input sanitize) or before the data is passed to across a trust boundary (output sanitization). Data sanitization and input validation may coexist and complement each other. Refer to the related guideline IDS01-J. Sanitize data passed across a trust boundary for more details on data sanitization.

Canonicalization and Normalization: Canonicalization is the process of lossless reduction of the input to its equivalent simplest known form. Normalization is the process of lossy conversion of input data to the simplest known (and anticipated) form. Canonicalization and normalization must occur before validation to prevent attackers from exploiting the validation routine to strip away invalid characters and, as a result, constructing an invaild (and potentially malicious) character sequence. Refer to the guideline IDS02-J. Normalize strings before validating them for more details. In addition, ensure that normalization is performed only on fully assembled user input. Never normalize partial input or combine normalized input with non-normalized input.

For example, POSIX file systems provide a syntax for expressing file names on the system using paths. A path is a string which indicates how to find any file by starting at a particular directory (usually the current working directory), and traversing down directories until the file is found. Canonical paths lack both symbolic links and special entries such as '.' or '..', which are handled specially on POSIX systems. Each file accessible from a directory has exactly one canonical path, along with many non-canonical paths.

In particular, complex subsystems are often components that accept string data that specifies commands or instructions to a component. String data passed to these components may contain special characters that can trigger commands or actions, resulting in a software vulnerability.

Examples of components which can interpret commands or instructions:

When data must be sent to a component in a different trusted domain, the sender must ensure that the data is suitable for the receiver's trust boundary by properly encoding and escaping any data flowing across the trust boundary. For example, if a system is infiltrated by malicious code or data, many attacks are rendered ineffective if the system's output is appropriately escaped and encoded.

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