XML can be used for data storage in a manner similar to relational database. Typically, data may be retrieved from such an XML document using XPaths. XPath injection can occur when data supplied to an Xpath retrieval routine to retrieve data from an XML document is used without proper sanitization. This attack is similar to SQL injection or XML injection (see the appropriate parts of IDS00-J. Sanitize untrusted data passed across a trust boundary) where an attacker can enter valid SQL or XML constructs in the data fields of the query in use. Typically, the conditional field of the query resolves to a tautology or gives the attacker access to privileged information.
This guideline is a specific example of the broadly scoped IDS51-JG. Prevent code injection.
XML Path Injection Example
Consider the following XML schema.
<users>
<user>
<username>Utah</username>
<password>C^f3</password>
</user>
<user>
<username>Bohdi</username>
<password>C@fe</password>
</user>
<user>
<username>Busey</username>
<password>cAf3</password>
</user>
</users>
Untrusted code may attempt to retrieve user details from this file with an XPath statement constructed dynamically from user input.
//users/user[username/text()='&LOGIN&' and password/text()='&PASSWORD&' ]
If an attacker knows that Utah is a valid user name, they can specify an input such as:
Utah' or '1'='1
This would yield the following query string:
//users/user[username/text()='Utah' or '1'='1' and password/text()='xxxx' ]
Because the '1'='1' is automatically true, the password is never validated. Consequently, the attacker is inappropriately authenticated as user Utah without having to know the password.
Compliance with MSC51-J. Store passwords using a hash function requires encrypting the passwords. Unfortunately, many small systems fail to comply with MSC51-J so the password text added in the query string would match precisely what the user enters. An attacker could supply a password such as:
' or '1'='1
This would yield the following query string:
//users/user[username/text()='xxxx' and password/text()='' or '1'='1' ]
This time, the '1'='1' tautology disables both name and password validation, and the attacker is inappropriately authenticated without knowledge of either a user name or a password.
Noncompliant Code Example
This noncompliant code example reads a user name and password from the user and uses them to construct the query string. The password is passed as a char array, and then hashed, to comply with MSC51-J. Store passwords using a hash function and MSC63-JG. Limit the lifetime of sensitive data.
This example is vulnerable to the attack described above. If it is passed the attack string for username described previously, the evaluate() method call returns the corresponding node in the XML file. This causes the doLogin() method to return true and bypass any authorization.
private boolean doLogin(String userName, char[] password)
throws ParserConfigurationException, SAXException, IOException, XPathExpressionException {
DocumentBuilderFactory domFactory = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
domFactory.setNamespaceAware(true);
DocumentBuilder builder = domFactory.newDocumentBuilder();
Document doc = builder.parse("users.xml");
String pwd = hashPassword( password);
XPathFactory factory = XPathFactory.newInstance();
XPath xpath = factory.newXPath();
XPathExpression expr = xpath.compile("//users/user[username/text()='" +
userName + "' and password/text()='" + pwd + "' ]");
Object result = expr.evaluate(doc, XPathConstants.NODESET);
NodeList nodes = (NodeList) result;
// Print first names to the console
for (int i = 0; i < nodes.getLength(); i++) {
Node node = nodes.item(i).getChildNodes().item(1).getChildNodes().item(0);
System.out.println( "Authenticated: " + node.getNodeValue());
}
return (nodes.getLength() >= 1);
}
Compliant Solution (XQuery)
XPath injection can be prevented by adopting defenses similar to those used to prevent SQL injection:
- Treat all user input as untrusted and perform appropriate sanitization.
- When sanitizing user input, verify the correctness of the data type, length, format, and content. For example, use a regular expression that checks for XML tags and special characters in user input. This corresponds to input sanitization. See IDS51-JG. Prevent code injection for additional details.
- In a client-server application, perform validation at both the client and the server side.
- Extensively test applications that supply, propagate, or accept user input.
An effective technique for preventing the related issue of SQL injection is parameterization. Parameterization ensures that user-specified data is passed to an API as a parameter such that the data is never interpreted as executable content. Unfortunately, Java SE currently lacks an analogous interface for XPath queries. SQL parameterization can be emulated by using an interface such as XQuery that supports specifying a query statement in a separate file supplied at runtime.
Input File: login.qry
declare variable $userName as xs:string external; declare variable $password as xs:string external; //users/user[@userName=$userName and @password=$password]
This compliant solution uses a query specified in a text file by reading the file in the required format and then inserting values for the user name and password in a Map. The XQuery library constructs the XML query from these inputs.
private boolean doLogin(String userName, String pwd)
throws ParserConfigurationException, SAXException, IOException, XPathExpressionException {
DocumentBuilderFactory domFactory = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
domFactory.setNamespaceAware(true);
DocumentBuilder builder = domFactory.newDocumentBuilder();
Document doc = builder.parse("users.xml");
XQuery xquery = new XQueryFactory().createXQuery(new File("login.xry"));
Map queryVars = new HashMap();
queryVars.put("userName", userName);
queryVars.put("password", pwd);
NodeList nodes = xquery.execute(doc, null, queryVars).toNodes();
// Print first names to the console
for (int i = 0; i < nodes.getLength(); i++) {
Node node = nodes.item(i).getChildNodes().item(1).getChildNodes().item(0);
System.out.println( node.getNodeValue());
}
return (nodes.getLength() >= 1);
}
Using this method, the data specified in the userName and password fields cannot be interpreted as executable content at runtime.
In addition, according to OWASP [OWASP 2005],
[Prevention of XPath injection] requires the following characters to be removed (ie, prohibited) or properly escaped:
< > / ' = "to prevent straight parameter injection- XPath queries should not contain any meta characters (such as
' = * ? //or similar)- XSLT expansions should not contain any user input, or if they do, [you should] comprehensively test the existence of the file, and ensure that the files are within the bounds set by the Java 2 Security Policy.
Applicability
Failure to validate user input may result in information disclosure and execution of unprivileged code.
Bibliography
[Fortify 2008] "Input Validation and Representation: XML Injection"
[MITRE 2009] CWE ID 643 "Failure to Sanitize Data within XPath Expressions (aka 'XPath injection')"
[OWASP 2005] Testing for XPath Injection
[Sen 2007]
[Sun 2006] Ensure Data Security