STR04-A. Use plain char for characters in the basic character set

The three types char, signed char, and unsigned char are collectively called the character types. Compilers have the latitude to define char to have the same range, representation, and behavior as either signed char or unsigned char. Irrespective of the choice made, char is a separate type from the other two and is not compatible with either.

For characters in the basic character set, it doesn't matter which data type is used, except for type compatibility. Consequently, it is best to use plain char for character data for compatibility with standard string handling functions.

In most cases, the only portable operators on plain char types are assignment and equality operators (=, ==, != ). An exception is the translation to and from digits.  For example, if the char c is a digit, c - '0' is a value between 0 and 9.

Non-Compliant Code Example

The following non-compliant code example simply shows calling the standard string handling function strlen() with a plain character string, a signed character string, and an unsigned character string:

size_t len;
char cstr[] = "char string";
signed char scstr[] = "signed char string";
unsigned char ucstr[] = "unsigned char string";

len = strlen(cstr);
len = strlen(scstr);  /* warns when char is unsigned */
len = strlen(ucstr);  /* warns when char is signed */

Compiling at high warning levels in compliance with [MSC00-A. Compile cleanly at high warning levels] causes warnings to be issued when converting from unsigned char[] to char const * when char is signed and from signed char[] to char const * when char is defined to be unsigned. Casts are required to eliminate these warnings, but excessive casts can make code difficult to read and hide legitimate warning messages.

If this C code were compiled using a C++ compiler, conversions from unsigned char[] to char const * and from signed char[] to char const * would be flagged as errors requiring casts.

Compliant Solution

The compliant solution uses plain char for character data.

size_t len;
char cstr[] = "char string";

len = strlen(cstr);

Conversions are not required and the code compiles cleanly at high warning levels without casts.

Risk Assessment

Automated Detection

Fortify SCA Version 5.0 with CERT C Rule Pack can detect violations of this recommendation, except cases involving signed char.

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

References

[[ISO/IEC 9899:1999]] Section 6.2.5, "Types"
[[MISRA 04]] Rule 6.1, "The plain char type shall be used only for the storage and use of character values"

STR03-A. Do not inadvertently truncate a null-terminated byte string      07. Characters and Strings (STR)       STR05-A. Use pointers to const when referring to string literals