MEM12-C. Use a Goto-Chain when leaving a function on error when using and releasing resources

Many functions require the allocation of multiple resources. Failing and returning somewhere in the middle of this function without freeing all of the allocated resources could produce a memory leak. It is a common error to forget to free one (or all) of the resources in this manner, so a goto-chain is the simplest and cleanest way to organize exits when order is preserved.

Noncompliant Code Example

In this noncompliant example, exit code is written for every instance in which the function can terminate prematurely. Notice how failing to allocate obj2 produces a memory leak and fails to close the opened file.

typedef struct object {   // A generic struct -- The contents don't matter
  int propertyA, propertyB, propertyC;
} object_t;


int do_something(void){
  FILE *fin;
  object_t *obj1, *obj2;
  
  fin = fopen("some_file", "r");
  if (fin == NULL){
    return -1;
  }

  obj1 = malloc(sizeof(object_t));
  if (obj1 == NULL){
    fclose(fin);
    return -1;
  }

  obj2 = malloc(sizeof(object_t));
  if (obj2 == NULL){
    fclose(fin);
    return -1;  // Forgot to free obj1 !!
  }

  // ... more code ...
}

This is also just a small example; in much larger examples, errors like this would be even harder to detect.

Compliant Solution

In this revised version, we have used a goto-chain in replacement of each individual return segment. If there is no error, control flow will fall through to the SUCCESS label and return 0. In the case of an error, control flow will jump to the proper failure label and the appropriate memory will be freed before returning an error.

// ... assume the same struct as above ...

int do_something(void){
  FILE *fin;
  object_t *obj1, *obj2;  

  fin = fopen("some_file", "r");
  if (fin == NULL){
    goto FAIL_FIN;
  }

  obj1 = malloc(sizeof(object_t));
  if (obj1 == NULL){
    goto FAIL_OBJ1;
  }

  obj2 = malloc(sizeof(object_t));
  if (obj2 == NULL){
    goto FAIL_OBJ2;
  }


  // ... more code ...


SUCCESS:     // Free everything and return normally
  fclose(fin);
  free(obj1);
  free(obj2);
  return 0;

FAIL_OBJ2:   // Otherwise, free objects in order
  free(obj1);

FAIL_OBJ1:
  fclose(fin);

FAIL_FIN:
  return -1;
}

The benefits of this method are that the code is cleaner and we prevent the rewriting of similar code upon every function error.

Risk Assessment

Failure to free allocated memory or close opened files results in a memory leak and possibly unexpected results.

References

[[ISO/IEC 9899:1999]] Section 7.20.3, "Memory management functions"
[[ISO/IEC 9899:1999]] Section 7.19.5, "File access functions"
[[Seacord 05]] Chapter 4, "Dynamic Memory Management"