PRE01-C. Use parentheses within macros around parameter names - CERT Secure Coding Standards

Parenthesize all parameter names in macro definitions. See also PRE00-C. Prefer inline or static functions to function-like macros - CERT Secure Coding Standards and PRE02-C. Macro replacement lists should be parenthesized.

Noncompliant Code Example

This CUBE() macro definition is noncompliant because it fails to parenthesize the parameter names.

#define CUBE(I) (I * I * I)

As a result, the invocation

int a = 81 / CUBE(2 + 1);

expands to

int a = 81 / (2 + 1 * 2 + 1 * 2 + 1);  /* evaluates to 11 */

which is clearly not the desired result.

Compliant Solution

Parenthesizing all parameter names in the CUBE() macro allows it to expand correctly (when invoked in this manner).

#define CUBE(I) ( (I) * (I) * (I) )
int a = 81 / CUBE(2 + 1);

Exceptions

PRE01-EX1: When the parameter names are surrounded by commas in the replacement text, regardless of how complicated the actual arguments are, there is no need for parenthesizing the macro parameters. Because commas have lower precedence than any other operator, there is no chance of the actual arguments being parsed in a surprising way. Comma separators, which separate arguments in a function call, also have lower precedence than other operators, although they are technically different than comma operators.

#define FOO(a, b, c) bar(a, b, c)
/* ... */
FOO(arg1, arg2, arg3);

PRE01-EX2: Macro parameters cannot be individually parenthesized when concatenating tokens using the ## operator, converting macro parameters to strings using the # operator, or concatenating adjacent string literals. The JOIN() macro below concatenates both arguments to form a new token. The SHOW() macro converts the single argument into a string literal, which is then concatenated with the adjacent string literal to form the format specification in the call to printf().

#define JOIN(a, b) (a ## b)
#define SHOW(a) printf(#a " = %d\n", a)

See PRE05-C. Understand macro replacement when concatenating tokens or performing stringification for more information on using the ## operator to concatenate tokens.

Risk Assessment

Failing to parenthesize the parameter names in a macro can result in unintended program behavior.

Automated Detection

The LDRA tool suite V 7.6.0 can detect violations of this recommendation.

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

References

[[ISO/IEC 9899:1999]] Section 6.10, "Preprocessing directives," and Section 5.1.1, "Translation environment"
[[ISO/IEC PDTR 24772]] "JCW Operator precedence/Order of Evaluation"
[[MISRA 04]] Rule 19.1
[[Plum 85]]
[[Summit 05]] Question 10.1

PRE00-C. Prefer inline or static functions to function-like macros - CERT Secure Coding Standards      01. Preprocessor (PRE)