CTR40-CPP. Provide a valid ordering predicate

Associative containers place a strict weak ordering requirement on their key comparison predicates [ISO/IEC 14882-2014]. A strict weak ordering has the following properties:

• For all x: x < x == false (irreflexivity)
• For all x, y: x < y != y < x (asymmetry)
• For all x, y, z: x < y && y < z == x < z (transitivity)

Providing an invalid ordering predicate for an associative container, or as a comparison criterion with the sorting algorithms, can result in erratic behavior or infinite loops [Meyers 01]. When an ordering predicate is required for an associative container or a generic STL algorithm, the predicate must meet the requirements for inducing a strict weak ordering.

Noncompliant Code Example

In this noncompliant code example, the std::set object is created with a comparator that does not adhere to the strict weak ordering requirement. Specifically, it fails to return false for equivalent values. As a result, the behavior of iterating over the results from std::set::equal_range results in unspecified behavior:

#include <functional>
#include <iostream>
#include <set>

void f() {
  std::set<int, std::less_equal<int>> S{5, 10, 20};  
  for (auto R = S.equal_range(10); R.first != R.second; ++R.first) {
    std::cout << *R.first << std::endl;
  }
}

Compliant Solution

This compliant solution uses the default comparator with std::set instead of providing an invalid one:

#include <iostream>
#include <set>

void f() {
  std::set<int> S{5, 10, 20};  
  for (auto R = S.equal_range(10); R.first != R.second; ++R.first) {
    std::cout << *R.first << std::endl;
  }
}

Noncompliant Code Example

In this noncompliant code example, the objects stored in the std::set have an overloaded operator< implementation, allowing the objects to be compared with std::less. However, the comparison operation does not provide a strict weak ordering. Specifically, the values 1, N and 1, M can result in a situation where comp(x, y) == comp(y, x), failing the asymmetry requirements.

#include <iostream>
#include <set>

class S {
  int I, J;

public:
  S(int I, int J) : I(I), J(J) {}
  
  friend bool operator<(const S &LHS, const S &RHS) {
    return LHS.I < RHS.I && LHS.J < RHS.J;
  }
  
  friend std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &OS, const S& O) {
    OS << "I: " << O.I << ", J: " << O.J;
    return OS;
  }
};

void f() {
  std::set<S> T{S(1, 1), S(1, 2), S(2, 1)};
  for (auto V : T) {
    std::cout << V << std::endl;
  }
}

Compliant Solution

This compliant solution uses std::tie() to properly implement the strict weak ordering operator< predicate:

#include <iostream>
#include <set>
#include <tuple>
 
class S {
  int I, J;
 
public:
  S(int I, int J) : I(I), J(J) {}
  
  friend bool operator<(const S &LHS, const S &RHS) {
    return std::tie(LHS.I, LHS.J) < std::tie(RHS.I, RHS.J);
  }
  
  friend std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &OS, const S& O) {
    OS << "I: " << O.I << ", J: " << O.J;
    return OS;
  }
};

void f() {
  std::set<S> T{S(1, 1), S(1, 2), S(2, 1)};  
  for (auto V : T) {
    std::cout << V << std::endl;
  }
}

Risk Assessment

Using an invalid ordering rule can lead to erratic behavior or infinite loops.

Automated Detection

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

Related Guidelines

Bibliography