DCL38-CPP. Do not recursively reenter a function during the initialization of one of its static objects

If a function is reentered during the initialization of a static object inside that function, the behavior of the program is undefined. Please note that this is a different problem is not the same as infinite recursion. For this problem to occur, a function only needs to recurse once.

[[ISO/IEC 14882-2003]] Section 6.7, "Declaration Statement" describes the initialization of static and thread storage duration objects. In the case of static objects, recursive reentry into the initialization of a static storage duration causes undefined behavior and various results can be obtained when using different compilers.

Noncompliant Code Example

This noncompliant code example declares the variable y as a static int. The value of test( x) is assigned to y within the test(int x) function. However, when test(int x) is called with an input which results in reaching the initialization of y more than once, such as the value 12, undefined behavior occurs. Note that this code does not present an infinite recursion and still causes the undefined behavior mentioned.

int test(int x){
  x--;
  if(x < 0 || x > 10)
  {
    return 0;
  }
  else
  {
    static int y = test(x);  //<--undefined behavior occurs here
    return y;
  }
}

The behavior observed from running this code under various compilers differs.

In gcc3, this code will recurse as if y were a non-static variable.

In gcc4, upon reaching the initialization of y for the second time, the program will terminate with the following message:

terminate called after throwing an instance of
'__gnu_cxx::recursive_init'
  what():  N9__gnu_cxx14recursive_initE
Aborted (core dumped)

Compliant Solution

In this compliant solution, y is declared before being assigned a value. According to [[ISO/IEC 14882-2003]] Section 6.7.4, the initialization of y will have been completed at the end of the declaration and before the assignment of a value, thus removing the possibility of undefined behavior.

int test(int x){
  x--;
  if(x < 0 || x > 10)
  {
    return 0;
  }
  else
  {
    static int y;
    y = test(x);  
    return y;
  }
}

Risk Assessment

Recursively reentering a function during the initialization of one of its static objects can result in an attacker being able to cause a crash or denial of service.

Automated Detection

The LDRA tool suite Version 7.6.0 can detect violations of this rule.

Fortify SCA Version 5.0 can detect violations when an array is declared in a function and then a pointer to that array is returned.

Splint Version 3.1.1 can detect violations of this rule.

Compass/ROSE can detect violations of this rule. It automatically detects returning pointers to local variables. Detecting more general cases, such as examples where static pointers are set to local variables which then go out of scope would be difficult.

The Coverity Prevent RETURN_LOCAL checker finds many instances where a function will return a pointer to a local stack variable. Coverity Prevent cannot discover all violations of this rule, so further verification is necessary.

Klocwork Version 8.0.4.16 can detect violations of this rule with the LOCRET checker.

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

Other Languages

This rule appears in the C Secure Coding Standard as DCL30-C. Declare objects with appropriate storage durations.

References

[[Coverity 07]]
[[ISO/IEC 14882-2003]] Sections 3.7, "Storage duration"; 3.8, "Object Lifetime"
[[Henricson 97]] Rule 5.9, "A function must never return, or in any other way give access to, references or pointers to local variables outside the scope in which they are declared."
[[Lockheed Martin 05]] AV Rule 111, "A function shall not return a pointer or reference to a non-static local object."
[[ISO/IEC PDTR 24772]] "DCM Dangling references to stack frames"
[[MISRA 04]] Rule 8.6

DCL17-CPP. Declare function parameters that are large data structures and are not changed by the function as const references      02. Declarations and Initialization (DCL)      DCL31-CPP. Do not define variadic functions