THI02-J. Notify all waiting threads rather than a single thread

Threads that invoke Object.wait() expect to wake up and resume execution when their condition predicate becomes true. To be compliant with THI03-J. Always invoke wait() and await() methods inside a loop, waiting threads must test their condition predicates upon receiving notifications and must resume waiting if the predicates are false.

The notify() and notifyAll() methods of package java.lang.Object are used to wake up a waiting thread or threads, respectively. These methods must be invoked from a thread that holds the same object lock as the waiting thread(s); these methods throw an IllegalMonitorStateException when invoked from any other thread. The notifyAll() method wakes up all threads waiting on an object lock and allows threads whose condition predicate is true to resume execution. Furthermore, if all the threads whose condition predicate evaluates to true previously held a specific lock before going into the wait state, only one of them will reacquire the lock upon being notified. Presumably, the other threads will resume waiting. The notify() method wakes up only one thread, with no guarantee regarding which specific thread is notified. The chosen thread is permitted to resume waiting if its condition predicate is unsatisfied; this often defeats the purpose of the notification.

Consequently, invoking the notify() method is permitted only when all of the following conditions are met:

• All waiting threads have identical condition predicates.
• All threads perform the same set of operations after waking up. That is, any one thread can be selected to wake up and resume for a single invocation of notify().
• Only one thread is required to wake upon the notification.

These conditions are satisfied by threads that are identical and provide a stateless service or utility.

The java.util.concurrent.locks utilities provide the Condition.signal() and Condition.signalAll() methods to awaken threads that are blocked on a Condition.await() call. Condition objects are required when using java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock objects. Although Lock objects allow the use of Object.wait(), Object.notify(), and Object.notifyAll() methods, their use is prohibited by LCK03-J. Do not synchronize on the intrinsic locks of high-level concurrency objects. Code that synchronizes using a Lock object uses one or more Condition objects associated with the Lock object rather than using its own intrinsic lock. These objects interact directly with the locking policy enforced by the Lock object. Consequently, the await(), signal(), and signalAll() methods are used in place of the wait(), notify(), and notifyAll() methods.

The signal() method must not be used unless all of these conditions are met:

• The Condition object is identical for each waiting thread.
• All threads must perform the same set of operations after waking up, which means that any one thread can be selected to wake up and resume for a single invocation of signal().
• Only one thread is required to wake upon receiving the signal.

or all of these conditions are met:

• Each thread uses a unique Condition object.
• Each Condition object is associated with the same Lock object.

When used securely, the signal() method has better performance than signalAll().

When notify() or signal() is used to waken a waiting thread, and the thread is not prepared to resume execution, it often resumes waiting. Consequently, no thread wakens, which may cause the system to hang.

Noncompliant Code Example (notify())

This noncompliant code example shows a complex, multistep process being undertaken by several threads. Each thread executes the step identified by the time field. Each thread waits for the time field to indicate that it is time to perform the corresponding thread's step. After performing the step, each thread first increments time and then notifies the thread that is responsible for the next step.

public final class ProcessStep implements Runnable {
  private static final Object lock = new Object();
  private static int time = 0;
  private final int step; // Do Perform operations when field time 
                          // reaches this value

  public ProcessStep(int step) {
    this.step = step;
  }

  @Override public void run() {
    try {
      synchronized (lock) {
        while (time != step) {
          lock.wait();
        }

        // Perform operations

        time++;
        lock.notify();
      }
    } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
      Thread.currentThread().interrupt(); // Reset interrupted status
    }
  }

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    for (int i = 4; i >= 0; i--) {
      new Thread(new ProcessStep(i)).start();
    }
  }
}

This noncompliant code example violates the liveness property. Each thread has a different condition predicate because each requires step to have a different value before proceeding. The Object.notify() method wakes only one thread at a time. Unless it happens to wake the thread that is required to perform the next step, the program will deadlock.

Compliant Solution (notifyAll())

In this compliant solution, each thread completes its step and then calls notifyAll() to notify the waiting threads. The thread that is ready can then perform its task while all the threads whose condition predicates are false (loop condition expression is true) promptly resume waiting.

Only the run() method from the noncompliant code example is modified, as follows:

public final class ProcessStep implements Runnable {
  private static final Object lock = new Object();
  private static int time = 0;
  private final int step; // Perform operations when field time 
                          // reaches this value
  public ProcessStep(int step) {
    this.step = step;
  }

  @Override public void run() {
    try {
      synchronized (lock) {
        while (time != step) {
          lock.wait();
        }
  
        // Perform operations
  
        time++;
        lock.notifyAll(); // Use notifyAll() instead of notify()
      }
    } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
      Thread.currentThread().interrupt(); // Reset interrupted status
    }
  }

}

Noncompliant Code Example (Condition Interface)

This noncompliant code example is similar to the noncompliant code example for notify() but uses the Condition interface for waiting and notification:

public class ProcessStep implements Runnable {
  private static final Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
  private static final Condition condition = lock.newCondition();
  private static int time = 0;
  private final int step; // Perform operations when field time 
                          // reaches this value
  public ProcessStep(int step) {
    this.step = step;
  }

  @Override public void run() {
    lock.lock();
    try {
      while (time != step) {
        condition.await();
      }

      // Perform operations

      time++;
      condition.signal();
    } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
      Thread.currentThread().interrupt(); // Reset interrupted status
    } finally {
      lock.unlock();
    }
  }

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    for (int i = 4; i >= 0; i--) {
      new Thread(new ProcessStep(i)).start();
    }
  }
}

As with Object.notify(), the signal() method may awaken an arbitrary thread.

Compliant Solution (signalAll())

This compliant solution uses the signalAll() method to notify all waiting threads. Before await() returns, the current thread reacquires the lock associated with this condition. When the thread returns, it is guaranteed to hold this lock [API 2014]. The thread that is ready can perform its task while all the threads whose condition predicates are false resume waiting.

Only the run() method from the noncompliant code example is modified, as follows:

public class ProcessStep implements Runnable {
  private static final Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
  private static final Condition condition = lock.newCondition();
  private static int time = 0;
  private final int step; // Perform operations when field time 
                          // reaches this value
  public ProcessStep(int step) {
    this.step = step;
  }

  @Override public void run() {
    lock.lock();
    try {
      while (time != step) {
        condition.await();
      }
  
      // Perform operations

      time++;
      condition.signalAll();
    } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
      Thread.currentThread().interrupt(); // Reset interrupted status
    } finally {
      lock.unlock();
    }
  }

}

Compliant Solution (Unique Condition per Thread)

This compliant solution assigns each thread its own condition. All the Condition objects are accessible to all the threads:

// Declare class as final because its constructor throws an exception
public final class ProcessStep implements Runnable {
  private static final Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
  private static int time = 0;
  private final int step; // Perform operations when field time 
                          // reaches this value
  private static final int MAX_STEPS = 5;
  private static final Condition[] conditions = new Condition[MAX_STEPS];

  public ProcessStep(int step) {
    if (step <= MAX_STEPS) {
      this.step = step;
      conditions[step] = lock.newCondition();
    } else {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Too many threads");
    }
  }

  @Override public void run() {
    lock.lock();
    try {
      while (time != step) {
        conditions[step].await();
      }

      // Perform operations

      time++;
      if (step + 1 < conditions.length) {
        conditions[step + 1].signal();
      }
    } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
      Thread.currentThread().interrupt(); // Reset interrupted status
    } finally {
      lock.unlock();
    }
  }

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    for (int i = MAX_STEPS - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
      ProcessStep ps = new ProcessStep(i);
      new Thread(ps).start();
    }
  }
}

Even though the signal() method is used, only the thread whose condition predicate corresponds to the unique Condition variable will awaken.

This compliant solution is safe only when untrusted code cannot create a thread with an instance of this class.

Risk Assessment

Notifying a single thread rather than all waiting threads can violate the liveness property of the system.

Automated Detection

Related Guidelines

Bibliography