23. Minimize the scope of the @SuppressWarnings annotation

When the compiler detects potential type-safety issues arising from mixing raw types with generic code, it issues unchecked warnings, including unchecked cast warnings, unchecked method invocation warnings, unchecked generic array creation warnings, and unchecked conversion warnings [Bloch 2008]. It is permissible to use the @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") annotation to suppress unchecked warnings when, and only when, the warning-emitting code is guaranteed to be type safe. A common use case is mixing legacy code with new client code. The perils of ignoring unchecked warnings are discussed extensively in OBJ03-J. Do not mix generic with nongeneric raw types in new code.

According to the Java API, Annotation Type SuppressWarnings documentation [API 2011],

As a matter of style, programmers should always use this annotation on the most deeply nested element where it is effective. If you want to suppress a warning in a particular method, you should annotate that method rather than its class.

The @SuppressWarnings annotation can be used in the declaration of variables and methods as well as an entire class. It is, however, very important to narrow down its scope so that other noteworthy warnings within the same scope are not silently ignored.

Noncompliant Code Example

In this noncompliant code example, the @SuppressWarnings annotation's scope encompasses the whole class:

@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
class Legacy {
  Set s = new HashSet();
  public final void doLogic(int a, char c) {
    s.add(a);
    s.add(c); // Type-unsafe operation, ignored
  }
}

This code is dangerous because all unchecked warnings within the class will be suppressed. Oversights of this nature can lead to a ClassCastException at runtime.

Compliant Solution

Limit the scope of the @SuppressWarnings annotation to the nearest code that generates a warning. In this case, it may be used in the declaration for the Set:

class Legacy {
  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
  Set s = new HashSet();
  public final void doLogic(int a,char c) {
    s.add(a); // Produces unchecked warning
    s.add(c); // Produces unchecked warning
  }
}

Noncompliant Code Example (ArrayList)

This noncompliant code example is from the implementation of java.util.ArrayList:

@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
  if (a.length < size)
    return (T[]) Arrays.copyOf(elements, size, a.getClass()); // Produces unchecked warning
 // ...
}

When the class is compiled, it emits an unchecked cast warning:

// Unchecked cast warning
ArrayList.java:305: warning: [unchecked] unchecked cast found : Object[], required: T[]
return (T[]) Arrays.copyOf(elements, size, a.getClass());

Because the return statement is not a declaration, the Java Language Specification [JLS 2011] makes it impossible to suppress the warning trivially by using @SuppressWarnings at that statement. Consequently, the @SuppressWarnings is used over method scope where it is allowed. This can cause issues when some functionality that performs type-unsafe operations is added to the method at a later date [Bloch 2008].

Compliant Solution (ArrayList)

When it is impossible to use the @SuppressWarnings annotation, as in the preceding noncompliant code example, declare a new variable to hold the return value and adorn it with the @SuppressWarnings annotation.

// ...
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
T[] result = (T[]) Arrays.copyOf(elements, size, a.getClass());
return result;
// ...

Applicability

Failure to reduce the scope of the @SuppressWarnings annotation can lead to runtime exceptions and break type-safety guarantees.

This rule cannot be statically enforced in full generality; static analysis could be possible for some special cases.

Bibliography