Java, C, and C++ programmers commonly make errors regarding the precedence rules of C operators due to the unintuitive low-precedence levels of &, |, ^, <<, and >>. Mistakes regarding precedence rules can be avoided by the suitable use of parentheses. Using parentheses defensively reduces errors and, if not taken to excess, makes the code more readable.
Thisdefines the precedence of operation by the order of the subclauses.
Noncompliant Code Example
The intent of the expression in this noncompliant code example is to test the least significant bit of x.x & 1 == 0
Because of operator precedence rules, the expression is parsed asx & (1 == 0)
which evaluates to(x & 0)
and then to 0.
Compliant Solution
In this compliant solution, parentheses are used to ensure the expression evaluates as expected.(x & 1) == 0
Exceptions
EXP00-EX1: Mathematical expressions that follow algebraic order do not require parentheses. For instance, in the expressionx + y * z
the multiplication is performed before the addition by mathematical convention. Consequently, parentheses to enforce this would be redundant.x + (y * z)
Risk Assessment
Mistakes regarding precedence rules may cause an expression to be evaluated in an unintended way. This can lead to unexpected and abnormal program behavior.
Recommendation |
Severity |
Likelihood |
Remediation Cost |
Priority |
Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EXP1337-J |
low |
probable |
medium |
P4 |
L3 |
Related Vulnerabilities
Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.
Other Languages
This rule appears in the C++ and C Secure Coding Standard as EXP00-CPP. Use parentheses for precedence of operation. and EXP00-C. Use parentheses for precedence of operation.