CON17-J. Avoid using ThreadGroup APIs

A ThreadGroup is a group of threads as defined by the class java.lang.ThreadGroup. A group is assigned to a thread upon its creation. If the group name is not specified explicitly, the default group called main is assigned by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). The convenience methods of the ThreadGroup class can be used to operate on all threads at once, such as, by using the interrupt() method. Another use is to reinforce layered security by confining threads into groups so that they do not interfere with each other. [[JavaThreads 04]]

While there may be a few benefits, the associated dangers demand deeper insight into the real utility of the ThreadGroup class. Several of the ThreadGroup APIs (allowThreadSuspension, resume, stop, suspend) have been deprecated and the remainder are seldom used because they offer little desirable functionality. Ironically, a few APIs are not even thread-safe. [[Bloch 01]]

A programmer may sometimes wish to enumerate all the threads in a group as a precursor to other operations. This is accomplished by using the activeCount() method that "Returns an estimate of the number of active threads in this thread group. " [[API 06]]. Notice that there is no absolute word on whether it returns the exact count or not; the definition of active also has a different connotation here. A thread that is constructed and not started is still counted by the activeCount() method as active.

According to the Java API [[API 06]], class ThreadGroup documentation:

[The enumerate method] Copies into the specified array every active thread in this thread group and its subgroups. An application should use the activeCount method to get an estimate of how big the array should be. If the array is too short to hold all the threads, the extra threads are silently ignored.

Threads are removed from the thread array either when they are stopped or when their run method has concluded. As a result, if a thread is not started, it continues to reside in the array despite the loss of the original reference. [[JavaThreads 99]]

Noncompliant Code Example

This noncompliant code example shows a NetworkHandler class that maintains a controller thread. This thread is responsible for spawning a new thread every time a new network connection request is received. For the sake of brevity, it is assumed that the controller thread invokes two methods (method1() and method2()) in succession and waits for a few milliseconds. The method1() method creates and starts two threads that are equivalent to two consequent connection requests, and so does the method2() method. All threads are defined to belong to the same group, Chief.

There is a Time of Check-Time of Use (TOCTOU) vulnerability in this implementation because obtaining the count and enumerating the list do not constitute an atomic operation. If new requests come in during the time interval between calling activeCount() and enumerate(), the total number of threads in the group will increase but the enumerated list ta will contain only two thread references. Print statements have been added before the invocation of activecount() and enumerate() to show this effect. Different runs of the program produce different values because of the race conditions and demonstrate how a few incoming requests can get completely ignored. Any subsequent use of the ta array may lead to undesirable object retention.

class NetworkHandler implements Runnable {
  private static ThreadGroup tg = new ThreadGroup("Chief");
  public void run() {
    try {
      method1();
      method2();
      Thread.sleep(500);		
    } catch(InterruptedException e) {
      // Forward to handler
    }
  }

  public static void method1() throws InterruptedException {
    Thread t1 = new Thread(tg, new HandleRequest(), "t1");
    Thread t2 = new Thread(tg, new HandleRequest(), "t2");
    t1.start(); 
    t2.start(); 	
  }

  public static void method2() {			  
    Thread t3 = new Thread(tg, new HandleRequest(), "t3");
    Thread t4 = new Thread(tg, new HandleRequest(), "t4");		
    t3.start();
    t4.start();
  }
	
  public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
    Thread t = new Thread(tg, new NetworkHandler(), "t");
    t.start();
    System.out.println("Active Threads in Thread Group at point (1):" +
      t.getThreadGroup().getName() + " " + Thread.activeCount());
    Thread ta[] = new Thread[Thread.activeCount()];
		
    for(int i = 0; i < 500000; i++) { } // Delay to demonstrate TOCTOU condition
		
    System.out.println("Active Threads in Thread Group at point (2):" +
      t.getThreadGroup().getName() + " " + Thread.activeCount());
		
    int n = Thread.enumerate(ta);
    System.out.println("Enumerating...");
    for(int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
      System.out.println("Thread " + i + " = " + ta[i].getName());
    } 
  }
} 

class HandleRequest implements Runnable {
  public void run() {
    System.out.println("Active Threads in Thread Group (Handler thread invoked this): " + 
    Thread.currentThread().getThreadGroup().getName() + " " + Thread.activeCount());		
  }
}

Compliant Solution

To be compliant, avoid using the ThreadGroup class. Before Java 5.0, this class had to be extended as there was no other way to control the UncaughtExceptionHandler. The application provided handler UncaughtExceptionHandler comes into the picture when a thread exits because of an uncaught exception. In recent versions, the UncaughtExceptionHandler is maintained on a per-thread basis using an interface enclosed by the Thread class, leaving little to no functionality for the ThreadGroup class. [[Goetz 06]]

Risk Assessment

Using the ThreadGroup APIs may result in race conditions, memory leaks and inconsistent object state.

Automated Detection

TODO

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

References

[[API 06]] Methods activeCount and enumerate, Classes ThreadGroup and Thread
[[JavaThreads 04]] 13.1 ThreadGroups
[[Bloch 01]] Item 53: Avoid thread groups
[[Goetz 06]] 7.3.1. Uncaught Exception Handlers
[[SDN 06]] Bug ID: 4089701 and 4229558

CON16-J. Do not expect sleep() and yield() methods to have any synchronization semantics      11. Concurrency (CON)      CON18-J. Always invoke wait() and await() methods inside a loop