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Calling the signal() function in a multithreaded program is undefined behavior. (See undefined behavior 135.)

Noncompliant Code Example

This noncompliant code example invokes the signal() function from a multithreaded program:

Code Block
bgColor#ffcccc
langc
#include <signal.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <threads.h>
 
volatile sig_atomic_t flag = 0;

void handler(int signum) {
  flag = 1;
}

/* Runs until user sends SIGUSR1 */
int func(void *data) {
  while (!flag) {
    /* ... */
  }
  return 0;
}

int main(void) {
  signal(SIGUSR1, handler); /* Undefined behavior */
  thrd_t tid;
  
  if (thrd_success != thrd_create(&tid, func, NULL)) {
    /* Handle error */
  }
  /* ... */
  return 0;
}

NOTE: The SIGUSR1 signal value is not defined in the C Standard; consequently, this is not a C-compliant code example.

Compliant Solution

This compliant solution uses an object of type atomic_bool to indicate when the child thread should terminate its loop:

Code Block
bgColor#ccccff
langc
#include <stdatomic.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <threads.h>
 
atomic_bool flag = ATOMIC_VAR_INIT(false);

int func(void *data) {
  while (!flag) {
    /* ... */
  }
  return 0;
}

int main(void) {
  thrd_t tid;
  
  if (thrd_success != thrd_create(&tid, func, NULL)) {
    /* Handle error */
  }
  /* ... */
  /* Set flag when done */
  flag = true;

  return 0;
}

Exceptions

CON37-C-EX1: Implementations such as POSIX that provide defined behavior when multithreaded programs use custom signal handlers are exempt from this rule [IEEE Std 1003.1-2013].

Risk Assessment

Mixing signals and threads causes undefined behavior.

Rule

Severity

Likelihood

Remediation Cost

Priority

Level

CON37-C

Low

Probable

Low

P6

L2

Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

Automated Detection

ToolVersionCheckerDescription
Astrée
Include Page
Astrée_V
Astrée_V
stdlib-use-signalFully checked
CodeSonar
Include Page
CodeSonar_V
CodeSonar_V
BADFUNC.SIGNALUse of signal
Coverity
Include Page
Coverity_V
Coverity_V
MISRA C 2012 Rule 21.5Over-constraining
Helix QAC

Include Page
Helix QAC_V
Helix QAC_V

C5021

C++5022


Klocwork
Include Page
Klocwork_V
Klocwork_V

MISRA.STDLIB.SIGNAL


LDRA tool suite
Include Page
LDRA_V
LDRA_V
44 SEnhanced enforcement
Parasoft C/C++test
Include Page
Parasoft_V
Parasoft_V

CERT_C-CON37-a

The signal handling facilities of <signal.h> shall not be used
PC-lint Plus

Include Page
PC-lint Plus_V
PC-lint Plus_V

586

Fully supported

Polyspace Bug Finder

Include Page
Polyspace Bug Finder_V
Polyspace Bug Finder_V

CERT C: Rule CON37-CChecks for signal call in multithreaded program (rule fully covered)
RuleChecker
Include Page
RuleChecker_V
RuleChecker_V
stdlib-use-signalFully checked

Bibliography

[IEEE Std 1003.1-2013]XSH 2.9.1, "Thread Safety"