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C99 eliminated implicit function declarations from the C language \[[ISO/IEC9899-1999|AA. C References#ISO/IEC 9899-1999]\]. However, many compilers allow compilation of programs containing implicitly defined functions, although they may issue a warning message. These warnings should be resolved \[[MSC00-A|MSC00-A. Compile cleanly at high warning levels]\], but do not prevent program compilation.

Non-Compliant Code Example 1

In this example, the definition of func() expects three parameters but is supplied only two. However, because there is no prototype for func(), the compiler assumes that the correct number of arguments has been supplied, and uses the next value on the program stack as the missing third argument.

function(1, 2);
...
int func(int one, int two, int three){
  printf("%d %d %d", one, two, three);
  return 1;
}

Compliant Solution 1

To correct this example, the appropriate function prototype for func() should be specified.

int function(int, int, int);
...

function(1,2);
...
int func(int one, int two, int three){
  printf("%d %d %d", one, two, three);
  return 1;
}

Non-Compliant Code Example 2

The following example is based on rule \[[MEM02-A|MEM02-A. Do not cast the return value from malloc()]\]. The header file {{stdlib.h}} contains the function prototype for {{malloc()}}. Failing to include {{stdlib.h}} causes {{malloc()}} to be implicitly defined.

char *p = malloc(10);

Compliant Solution 2

including stdlib.h ensures the function prototype for malloc() is declared.

#include <stdlib.h>
...
char *p = malloc(10);

Risk Assessment

Failure to specify function prototypes can result in undefined, and perhaps unintended program behavior.

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Examples of vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule can be found on the CERT website.

References

• Wiki Markup
  \[[ISO/IEC9899-1999|AA. C References#ISO/IEC 9899-1999]\] Forward \[[MEM02-A|MEM02-A. Do not cast the return value from malloc()]\], \[[MSC00-A|MSC00-A. Compile cleanly at high warning levels]\]