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Evaluation of an expression may produce side effects. At specific points during execution, known as sequence points, all side effects of previous evaluations have completed, and no side effects of subsequent evaluations have yet taken place.

The C standardStandard, Section 6.5 [ISO/IEC 9899:2011], states:

If a side effect on a scalar object is unsequenced relative to either a different side effect on the same scalar object or a value computation using the value of the same scalar object, the behavior is undefined. If there are multiple allowable orderings of the subexpressions of an expression, the behavior is undefined if such an unsequenced side effect occurs in any of the orderings.

(See also undefined behavior 35  of in Annex J of the C Standard.)

This requirement must be met for each allowable ordering of the subexpressions of a full expression; otherwise, the behavior is undefined.

The following sequence points are defined in Annex C of the C standard Standard [ISO/IEC 9899:2011]:

• Between the evaluations of the function designator and actual arguments in a function call and the actual call.
• Between the evaluations of the first and second operands of the following operators:
  
  • logical AND: &&
  • logical OR: ||
  • comma: ,
• Between the evaluations of the first operand of the conditional ?: operator and whichever of the second and third operands is evaluated.
• The end of a full declarator.
• Between the evaluation of a full expression and the next full expression to be evaluated. The following are full expressions:
  
  • an initializer that is not part of a compound literal
  • the expression in an expression statement
  • the controlling expression of a selection statement (if or switch)
  • the controlling expression of a while or do statement
  • each of the (optional) expressions of a for statement
  • the (optional) expression in a return statement
• Immediately before a library function returns.
• After the actions associated with each formatted input/output function conversion specifier.
• Immediately before and immediately after each call to a comparison function, and also between any call to a comparison function and any movement of the objects passed as arguments to that call.

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have well-defined behavior, and statements like the following do not:

/* i is modified twice between sequence points */
i = ++i + 1;  

/* i is read other than to determine the value to be stored */
a[i++] = i;   

do not.

Noncompliant Code Example

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Related Vulnerabilities

Search for vulnerabilities resulting from the violation of this rule on the CERT website.

Related Guidelines

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Bibliography

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ISO/IEC TR 24772 "JCW Operator precedence/order of evaluation" and "SAM Side-effects and order of evaluation"

MISRA Rule 12.1

Bibliography

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